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( 1 ) 

A FRAGMENT OF AN 

ODE OF SAPPHO 

FROM LONGINUS: 
ALSO, AN 

ODE OF SAPPHO 

FROM DIONYSIUS HALICARN: 



edited by 

THE HONOURABLE 
Francis Henry EGERTON 

&c. &c. &c. 



4 

Ac* 

CO ^ •*& 

SAPPHO, Lesbia,^ 

Floruit Olymp. 42. post excid. Trojae, 574* 

per Jul. 4io4. ann. errim fere 10 ex. ante 

CHRISTUM. 

Nee, si quid olim lusit 

Delevit aetas : spirat adbuc amor ? 
Vivuntque commissi calores 
.ZEoliae fidibus puellse. 

Hor. lib. Carm. 4- Od. 9. v. 9. 



AIONY2IOY AOrriNOI 

nEPI TTOT2 mOMNHMA. 

Edit. Zach* Pearce. 
Amstelcedami , 8°. 1733. p. 4^-46. 

C( C|)EPE vvv, it ri %ct) \npov fyoiftyv v^nhoug 7rots7v 
rove Aoyovc Jvvdptvov , i7naz^cofAi9-cc. Ovkouv 3< 
gVg/cPw ttcLvi rolq 7rpaypcct(7i Quern (rvvefpeua rivd /Utopia 
ralg vActig cvvv 7rap%QVTct , 1% dvdyntig yivotr' dv vif/tv 
\jr\ovt; airiov , ro rcov ixtpepo/utvcov inteyeiv du rd 
TtaiptcoTctru 3 ft&) ravrct rtj 7rpoq aAAtfAa iTriGvv&iVU 

KCt&Ct7Tip IV TO GCO [ACL 7T0li7v JW«<7 <&ar fJL'tV ydo TW 

hiAoyH rviv d%poaLTi\v toov Afi/ujuctrcov , o cTg N t? 
7ruMeo(7ii rcov intetey/uiVM 7TfQvaytTcti. Ofov n 






(3) 



When Sappho touch'd the quiv'ring lyre, 
The eager breast was all on fire : 
But , when she tun'd the vocal lay , 
The captive soul was charm'd away. 

The words are elegantly set to 
music ( Glee , 3 Voices ) by Danby. 



Sect. X. 

Agedum nunc, videamus si quid aliud habeamus, 
quod potest scripta sublimia efficere. Nam, ciim in 
rebus naturaliter insident quaedam particular omnibus 
cum ipsis subjectis una coortae, necessario hoc nobis 
esset sublimitatis causa , si possemus semper eligere 
praecipua ex iis, quae inde exoriuntur, et haec, con- 
junctione inter se facta , quasi unum quoddam corpus 
efficere : partim enim sublimitas efficitur delectu 
circumstantiarum summarum ? partim autem consti- 
patione electarum. Qualiter Sappho eas ? quae 



(4) 

TraS-vi^ctrct hi rm 7rap r c7rofxivccv , zct) i% rtic d/\ti3-eiu$ 
avryg zTtdaTOTt XaftScLvu. Uov cTg rnv aoerriv cltto- 
JeijLvvTui; org ra azpot avrcov net) v7repTZ7ct [mvcl 



i. (J)ainetai [tot kyIvos iW ©so7g?v 
5. l£<xm ^ tut) 7rXcL<riov oL$v (podvzv- 

4. (TCtg VTTOUtQVil, 



l.pt] Edidit Tollius Yol. Solebant enim ./Eoles inserere 
Digamma suum F inter duas vocales, quod syllabas, 
pro scriptoris libitu , aut produceret, aut corriperet 

l. xfivoq] Vulgabatur xsti/og., quod Police dicitur pro 

eKeivoq. Alii Tionnulli legunt xffioq. 
u. a)vwp]wvy?|3 iEol. pro 6 avyjp. Edit, prima habet Epnpi- 
tccov y^w? ? oq , fc? t. A. Vat. duo habent Eppivov fiptiq 
xiq , x. t. X. MSti Par. Ambros. et El. Eppevan, yjpuq 
tiq, Ki 7. A. Zach, Pearcius. kXk^q. yj p\v. AAXws. 5 piv. 
AXXw$. J //«v. AXXco;. a pay, o. s> ?. Titulus est, 
ecg epapivYiv. Sed vide Lucianum* 



(5 ) 

accidunt furoribus amatoriis , perpessiones ex cir- 
cumstantiis , et ex ipsa veritate, undique ducit : ubi 
autem banc excellentiam ostendit ? nempe quando 
egregia est in eligendis prsecipuis earum circumstan - 
tiarum altissimisque , et in iis inter se connectendis : 



i. Videtur mihi ille par Divis 

2. Esse vir , qui ad versus te 

3. Sedet, et prope dulce loquentem 
4 Te audita 



a. og-lc, ] Edidit Brunch ius oq xiz e. t. 

5. I£aVa] Edidit Toupius laSxvei, v.. jr. 

5. <k$b ^wvsudag] Editio prima, et MSti Vat. duo liabent 
arJb yuvouaas. MSti Par. et Ambros. liabent aftvym acug.' 
Zach. Pearcius. Edidit Manutius aftvywov aev u. 
Tollius legendum esse censet <x$vfQveua<xt<;. Jo7i. Boi- 
vinius legit cSj ymwsax c\ Edidit Brunchius ywriacu' 

G U7COX0VEI, x. y. 

3. 5>wv£uc7aG] Alii nonnulli legunt owvouffas, quod iEolice 
dicitur pro (pmo^q. 



( 6 ) 

5. Kcu yzXci'ig i/ULtpoev' to (jloi '[jlcLv 

6. KcLfJicLV SV (TTY\§£(ri €7fT0Oi(r€V* 

7. \q$ ydy eiito ere , (&po%€6d$ {jls <pcdv£s 

8. 0V&1 W 6lK€l, 



5. Kod ysta&'s] MSti Par. et Vat. duo habent yekaiq : 
unde legendum esse censeo yeldig, quod solent ^Eoles 
dicere pro yekac. Z. Pearcius. Manutius , yiluGaq* 
Schurzfleischius , Kayyikdig. Toupius , Kal ytxdig & . 
Editio prima habet Kal yeldq $ir t , unde Vossius legit 
Kai yekdig, quod iEoles dicebant pro yzldv. 

5. to /^ot 'fiov] MSti Par, et Vat. duo, habent to [xyi epai/, 
quod Tollius contrahit in ^/fwei/. MS. Ambros. legit 
to ^0^ ep«v : Edit. Robortelli habet p.oc, quamvis illic 
desit eftsfr. Zach. Pearcius. Pro to p.o« ? p.av, vulgabatur 
to pot T«y. lllud reciperunt Tollius ? et /o/z. Z?o£- 
vinius. poi eleganter napelv.ii. 

6. emooLaev ] V. C. emvaazv more ^Eolico quo in u 
mutatur. Tollius. 

fj.ilg yap «#&> <7£,] MS. Ambros. habet w? yap a' efaiu. 
MSti Par. Vat. duo, et EL J ifo>. Editio vero prima 
i&> ere. Zach. Pearcius. Edidit Manutius £lq Bov as. 
Vossius et Tollius legendum esse censent ws yap ei'cfo) 
oe. Edidit Brunckius w$ yap etcta ere ? j3. pu 



(7) 

5. Et ridentem amabiliter : quae res mihi 

6. Cor in pectoribus tremere fecit : 

7. Cum enim video te, repente ad me vocis 

8. Nihil amplius venifc: 



7. jSpo^sw?] Vox fiooyiat; ^Eolice dicitur pro fipayiaq y et 
videtur idem hie significare quod h Ppccyet Sic 
Bpoaiuc, ^Eolice dicitur pro Spaasws, 

7. 8. /3po^£co^ pe (pwzq Obfev It' ec/.ei] Ita Edit. Prima , et 
MSti Par. Vat. duo, Ambr. et El. nisi quod hie 
posterior habet mti, non efaet : male, aspiratas enim 
voces ^Eolibus non placuere. Zach. Pearcius. 
Sequens hsec lectio ex Edit. Venet profluxit, emen- 
dante Fabro, &q Wov a, w; ftpoyyov ipol yap avftdc, x. t, A. 
Nihil mihi vocis in guttur venit. Tollius mavult 
(Spots' &s [jls, <p. Jan. Douza w; ifov yap cs fipayitoq ip 
avftaq. ah fipoyiaq, fipvyittc, , fipoyixq* 

8. efitei ] Edidit Brunckius tiur et , ex conjectura 
opinor, vult scribere fan, quod ./Eolicum est pro 
izei. Sed haec lectio Brunckiana mihi non satis 
arridet, quia nimium a MStorum vestigiis recedit. 
efoei habent Codices fere omnes. ah fed 
Edidit Toupius & Uzi. 



( 8 ) 
9. 'AAA& KctfJLfJih yxSxrd says* Agflrrov 8 

10. AVTUOL %%£ TTtJp V7To8styo[JLCLKSV 5 

in 07T7rctT€(r<riv 8 ovSev op/uL, Itt&q[jl- 

feeVGl 8 GLKOVf 



IS. 



9. xa/xjjiev] ^Eolice ponitur pro y.axck ph, ita ut xaia con- 

jungatur cum says. 
9. Ka^ev yltiaa' eaye~\ MS. Par. habet aAAa xav piy ykwaaa 
eaye , Xetttov £' «. ^. MSti Vat. duo , alloc nop ph yk&GG&v 
eaye Aetttov $* a. %. Malim legere atfka zapph yl&aaoc eaye, 
lenTQv §* k r. A. Zach. Pearcius. Edidit Manutius alloc 
xapph ylooaa edy, h de lenxov. Toupius , Alia xa^ev 
yk&<*<? idyYis av §k lentov , ut sit Synizesis. Barnesius y 
Alloc y.u{jl[j.sv yl&GGa nix/ye , Imzbv #' a. j(. Vossius in 
Observat. ad Catullum , p. n5, Jegit zaap.su yl&aaa. 
aeaiye, a mfa. Joh. Boivinius conjicit in initio versus 
legend urn esse , Aaa' dxdv ph , seel tacite quidem. 
Ceterum videtar Lucretius legisse eaye , qui illud per 
infringi linguam interpretatus sit in iis versibus , 
qui hue respiciunt : 

Verum ubi veliementi magis est commota metu mens , 
Consentire animam totam per membra videmus : 
Sudores itaque, et pallorem existere toto 
Corpore ? et infringi linguam , vocemque aboriri, 
Caligare oculos ? sonere aures , succidere artus. 

De rerum Nat. Lib. TIT. ver. i53. 
Poit6 3 hoc est quod vult Catullianum illud ? lingua 
sed terpet, 
9.A67tt6v cT] Alii nonnulli legunt ocv 91 hircWj ita ut «v po- 



(9) 
9* Sed lingua quiclem fracta est , subtilisque 
10. Statim . cutem ignis subiit, 
ii. Oculisque nihil video, tinniunt 
12. Et mihi aures. 



situm sit pro <kv<k } per Apocopen iEolicum. Alii 
legunt fv iEol. pro eig. 

10.] Per vocem r.vp intelligendus est is ignis, qui colo- 
rem rubeum in iis qui re aliqua afficiuntur, efficit : 
earn enim per ipuS-sipa nvp&dsc, explicat Plutarchus in 
Demetrio Poliorc. , ubi dicit Antiocho segrotanti 
fuisse omnia signa , quas in sua Ode Sappho notarat ; 
et, ex his Medicum reperisse, eum non alio morbo, 
quam amore, laborasse. Zach. Pearcius. 

ii.]67T7raT£(TC7ivposcit yEolismus. Manulius edidit omcxtsggiv. 

ii. 6pr\p] Edit, prima liabet opwp. MSti Vat. duo 6'pp. 
Vat. vero Tert. et MS. Par. opri p?. Zach. Pearcius. 
AHi nonnulli legunt op-fpti /3. Etenim apud iEoles 
ssepissime p in tt transit. 

11,12. Em$Qp£zi>ai~\ Editio prima habet v! amSopGevaw & 
axoval. MSli Vat. duo empop£svci tf axov&i. Vat. vero Tert. 
et MS. Par. opti pi mpypGefat o axovk. Zach. Pearcius. 
Edidit JManutlus , opjp, fiopScvaev B 3 d/.oai pot. Tollius 
edidit axoai Fot. Toupius mavult fiop.osvG* h $ a/.oa{ 
pot i. e. ip.fio[i6E\)Gi pot. Observavit Morus , in sua 
Dionysii Longini editione, quod verbum h.ipou£iw 
cc nunquam sonum significat ». 

T2. &tous ] ^Eol. pro <x/,ovai. Corripiebantur enim 
dipthongi ab /Eolibus. 



( io) 

i3. KolW- itym \J/v;£pos yitroLi., rpo^os £e 
i4. TlcL<rctv dyyii , ^(X^ori^cL ii 7fo(ctg 
i5. EfAjUii' TsbvctKYjV $ oxiyo* VjJWotjv 

1 6. 4>CLiV0fJLCLl a7TV0V$, 

17. 'AAA& 7raV roA/bLctrov , gVsi 7rgvwrflt.... 



i3.KaW Wpol)s ^xpo?] MSti Par. et duo Vat. habent fx« & tf 
tdjp&g ^vypoq •wffizzaX} nisi quod Vat. 2 legit ex & ^s 
x. i. ).. Editio prima habet ex & p.£u ^xpos l$p&<; eyxkiM. 
Zach. Pearcius. V. C. i^pm. Scripsit forte Sappho 
trjpuv , more gentis, quag istiusmodi in tag desinentia 
nomina acutitona in recto casu per wv efferebat, et 
in patrio per wvo?. Tollius. 

i5. Tpo'^os] V.C. Tp/fjto?. Malim tamen Tpe^o^vel xpi^op. Tollius. 

lAa/psF] ^Eol. pro aepe?. Tollius mavult tippet, 

i4. x^wpo-epa] Ita MSti Par. Ambros. et Editio prima. 
Manutius vero ylapoxipn. Zach. Pearcius, 

Nee tinctus viola pallor amantinm. 

/Zbr. X,?6. Carm. 3. Oo?. 10. /m. i4« 
Palleat omnis amans : hie est color aptus amanti. 

Ovid, de Arte amandi. Lib. I. lin. 709. 

She never told her love, 

But let concealment, like a worm i' th' bud 7 
Feed on her damask cheek; she pined in thought, 
And y with a green and yellow melancholy , 
She sat like Patience on a Monument 

Smiling at Grief, 

Shakspeare <n twelfth night f » or, nFJ/'hat you will ». 

Act. II. Sc. 6. 

i4. nolaq] novaq est in V. C. pro 7ro'Fas, id est 7ro«s« Vossius. 

Malui cum scripto Codice legere rcoiSas pro rcoas, nisi 

quis malit rco'Fas. Tollius. 



( 11 ) 

1 5. Et sudor gelidus manat, tremorque 

i4 Totam occupat, pallidiorque herba 

i5. Sum , et moriendo parum abfore 
16 Videor exanimis : 

17. Sedfe^ze72omne^audendum^quoniamiiidigentem 1 

1 5. Teflvaxyjv] ^lol. pro teSvdwi. 

i5. nQvdxYiv <3* okfyto Weucjyjv] Ita MSti Par. et Ambros. a 
quibus MSti Vat. duo, et El. non aliter differunt 
quam quod 'mftevvyiv , aut Wsuriv , exhibent : Editio 
prima habet okiyy &'w, x$p. Zach. Pearcius. 

i5. 0A7&)] Alii nonnulli legunt &70V : sed melius, et 
atoliYMTspov , est oltyw. 

I 5. Weuoyjv] Pro em&vaeiv, quod pro ht^srjastv. Alii non- 
nulli legunt Wsucja , et pro Weu<7<x, ^'otua. Edidit 
JManutius teQvdvcti #' ollyov oWda. 

1 5.] Aliter, zeQvcimiv ff 61(ya 'ndsvaa u e. rzQvdvou S 9 okiyov 
imdiovGx, 

16. (patvopm anvovq ] Ista vox Scnvovg deest in omnibus 
MStis, et in Editione prima. Zach.Pearcius. Plutarch. 

in vita Demetr. Poliorc. hanc vocem explicat per 
xrjg ty\j)fi<; anopia. Post yaivopou Toupius suspicatur 
alicujus nomen excidisse. J^ossius pro fa/ous legit «aX* , 
quod dicit /Eolicum esse pro dldlr\, muta, mortua. At in 
eo frustra est : nee facile, mihi quidem ., persuasurus. 

17. end TrevyjTa-..] Opinor Longinum non plus ex ista Sap- 
phus Odecitasse, quam quod jam habemus : reliqua 
enim Odes pars non 3 ut conjicere est, amplius ilia, 
quae amantibus accidunt , mala descripsit : videtur 
Sappho, &c. Zach. Pearcius. 



( 12 ) 

Qu ^-ctv^ct^nQy cog Ctt avro ryv ^v^fjv > to vtofA&y 
tdlq dnoug, rviv y\£>(TGctv , rug o^tg y r ^ v XpoM* 
TravSr , dg aXXorptct , S'loi^o/Mvct eVi^wTg/; %ctl naB-' 

V7T2V&VT 10)<721<; ajbiO, ^U^iTUt , KCtZTCtl , dhoyiVTM y 

(ppovili h yap (poSilrai , \\ 7rctp oXtyov Ttd'vtiMv , iva juv 
\v ti 7np) aCrrjv 7rct9-og <pctfotiTai 3 7ru3-cov «Tg ovvofog* 
Tlavra, jtfcgir rotctvrcL ymrcti 7np) rovg ipSvrctg- w XH^ig 
£\ cog itynv , 7W uz^eov 9 %ct) t\ tig tciuto cuvct'ipttng 
d7rupyaeciTo rtiv z^o^nv. » 



ANTHOLOGIA GR.ECA, 



Edit. Francofurti, 1600 1 p. 618. 
Epigr. Pouytvov. v . 3 , 4- 



'HfjLiSrsog i* (piAodr dSrcLvcLTog P o <riWi/. 



to«s &&os.] Edidit Brunchius tpivolSm 0. a. 
guvoov] Brunchius j ya/awv. 



( i3) 

Nonne miraris, quomodo, sub idem tempus, animam, 
corpus, aures, linguam, oculos, colorem, omnia haec 
dilapsa , velut alieria ab ipsa essent , requirat ? et 
quomodo per vices sibi oppositas simul friget , uritur, 
ratione caret, sapienter se habet? vel enim commota, 
velprope mortua est, adeo ut non unus aliquis affeclus 
in ipsa appareat, sed affectuum csetus. Omnia quidem 
hujusmodi amantibus eveniunt : sed delectus (ut dixi) 
summarum circumstantiarum et earum consociatio 
in unum efformavit sublimitatem. 



A. 

S A P P H U S Fragmentum , 

Jpud Longinum: 
Quod ita imitatus est Catullus. 

» liiLE mi par esse Deo videtur, 
y> Hie, si fas est, superare Divos, 
y> Qui sedens adversus identidem te 

Spectat et audit 

» Dulce ridentem ; misero quod omnes 
y> Eripit sensus mihi; nam simul te, 
» Lesbia , aspexi 7 nihil est super me 

Quod loquar amens 



( i4) 

» Lingua sed torpet ; tenuis sub a.rtus 

y> Flamma dimanat ; sonitu supple 

» Tinniunt aures , gemina et teguntur 

Lumina nocte- 

y> Liquitur sudor gelidus , tremorque 
y> Occupat totam y minus ipsa pallet 
» Herba marcescens y prope succidentem 

Vita relinquiLy) 



cc IJEUREUx! qui pres de toi, pour toi seule soupire; 
cc Qui jouit du plaisir de t'entendre parler ; 
cc Qui te voit quelquefois doucement lui sourire; 
cc Les dieux, dans son bonheur, peuvent-ils Fegaler? 

cc Je sens de veine en veine une subtile flamme 
cc Courir par tout mon corps, sitot que je te vois; 
« Et dans les doux transports, ou s'egare mon ame, 
cc Je ne saurois trouver de langue, ni de voix. 

cc Un nuage confus se repand sur raa vue ; 

cc Je n'entends plus, je tombe en de douces langueurs, 

cc Et pale, sans haleine, interdite, eperdue , 

cc Un frisson me saisit , je tremble , je me meurs. » 

Monsieur Nicolas Boileau Despre'au : « Traduction du 
» Traite du sublime deLonginw, chap. 8. edit, de M. 
de St- Marc, in -8% Paris 7 1748. vol. 4. pp> 278-280, 



( i5 ) 



« JDlest as tk' immortal Gods is He ? 
cc The youth who fondly sits by thee, 
cc And hears and sees thee all the while 
<c Softly speak , and sweetly smile. 

<c 'Twas this deprived my soul of rest, 

cc And rais'd such tumults in my breast; 

cc For while T gaz'd , in transport tost, 

<c My breath was gone, my voice was lost : 

cc My bosom glow'd; the subtle flame 
cc Ran quick through all my vital frame ; 
cc O'er my dim eyes a darkness hung ; 
cc My ears with hollow murmurs rung. 

cc In dewy damps my limbs were chilPd 
cc My blood with gentle horrors thrill'd; 
cc My feeble pulse forgot to play; 
c< I fainted , sunk , and died away. » 

' Spectator, n° 229. C. 



( i6) 
2An$Of2 IqjLct zU 'Aa>ro AITHN, 'E* 
AIONT2. AAIKAPNA'22. Treft cvv- 

$-£(T€6dS OVO/bLCLTOdV. T/ULy[/U,CL Ky . 

1. IXoIKIAO'gPOn', dS-OLVCLT, 'A^poJW^t , 

2. Hcti Aiog y Soho7rhoKS , Ai(r(rojULcti en* 

3. Mw ^' a.<rcLi<n , /oicT civictioi foLfJLVCL , 

4. Ilorv^, Sv/ulov. 

5. 'AAAa rt/<<T s'a6\ at' 7ro#& xcLreptoTct 

6. T&s sV&S ctvf£g cLIoktcl woKkv 

7. 'EKhveSy 7fcLTpo$ Se So/ulov Ai7roi(rct 

i ** 

8. Xpv(T£ov fates , 



l. HouuloSpov'] Vossius reposuit UoiyAoypov ex scripto 
Dionysii libro : sed haec lectio incidit in vitium 
zavzoloytaq. Supervacua est ista repetitio, quae nihil 
olet ex academia. Lectionem Tiouiko^pov veteres 
quidam Codices habent ; at vulgata noi%ik6Qpov 7 
magis arridet, cum folo-nkoxe sequenti versu idem 
fere quod iromiloypov signified:. 

1. dSavdx', ] Forte legas , o&oLvolt'', A, x. t. I. Edidit 
Brunchlus txSdvotx ol. 

a. UaTkioq, ftolon'kQY.s ,1 Edidit Brunckius Uou Aiog doXo7rAoxe,X« 

2. as ] Brunckius ?u , p.. 



( I? ) I 

SAPPHUS Carmen ad Venerem^ 

Ex Djonys. Halicarn. de Structurd Orationis. 
Sect. XXIII. 
i. Vjujs multos ubique gentium tlironos babes, 

immortalis , Venus y 
i. Puella Jovis , nectens clolos , supplico tibi 

3. Ne me damnis, neque moeroribus doma, 
4 Veneranda, animum. 

5. Sed hue veni, si quando et alias 

6. Meam vocem audiens multum 

7„ Auscultavisti, et patris domum linquens 
8. Auream venisti, 

5. ccaocim ] Vossius legit aaaiai pro uxoligi : hsec posterior 
vox awiai metrum corrumpit. 

4. Uozvia, Sxipov. ] Edidit Brunckius IUtm* Si^ov. 
p.zyttf] Vulgabatur q5<f. At Dialysis facit ista vox, ut 

versus sit dodecasyllabus. Tvifts Police dicitur pro 
?yj&. Ne vero wld' legatur obstat Herodianus , qui 
scribit, in quarta classe verborum in [xi P t/jv m 

5. KiXiep&m ] iEol. pr6 X«« £Ttptt0£. 

6. avddc, ] AL avfac, ^Eol. positum pro au$dtq. at. cdd&q, 

6. itollv ] Pro ttoXu , more .^Eolico : solebant enim 

./Eoles liquidam istam geminare. 
fj, linoiaa ] Brunckius edidit Intoiaa., %. >j. «. iircoteufaffa, x. 

AXXw<g. ItTtovaa. 
2. /^ers. /afaVz. Puella Jovis,] 2%'a Jons. A Jove nata* 

B 



(i8) 

9. l/ Ap/£ v7ro£ev%ci<rcf kclXo) U cr dyov 

10. "GDtitg crrponfioi 7refi yctg [AzXcLWctq , 

11. TiVKVOL flVVVTtS 7TTef OLTV dpGLV CtlU- 

12. pO£ focL {JLtGlTod. 

i3. Ai\|/a #' e%'iK0VT0 m rv <f, a (jlcLkcl^cl , 
i4. MsifidcrcLtr' cLhcuvcLT® 7rpo(TOd7ru> 

ID. Hp£, 07T* ^ »JV TO 7TS7T0VVCI, K OTTl 

16. Ayjv rs xcL7\y\(JL(jll { 



10. ixekaivaq, ] Edidit Brunchius pekaivaq tt. & 
jo, et 11. rcepc-yas x. t. a.] Recepta lectio ex Vossii 
correctione est. Edidit Ursinus mepvyaq pekcuvaq 
Tivwx hviovxeq <kit w. a. <J. ^. Alii nonnulli legunt 

wSi-pos pro ai$s-poq. 
3 1 . &vui/Tes ] ^Eol. pro ^i/ouvTeg. 

ll.Wpav'] ^Eol. pr6 OVpOLVQ'J. 

i3. Afya ^ ] Ita Ursinus et Stephanus ediderunt. 
Brunclius edidit AfvJ/ «aa' e. Sed kty c&X ? , metri 
leges a se rejieiunt, 



( '9) 
9. Currum subjungens : pulchri vero te egerunt 
10. Veloces passeres circa nigram terram , 
n. Crebras vibrantes pennas de coelo aetlie- 

12. ra per medium. 

1 3. Protinus verb pervenere : tu vero, 6 Beata , 
i4. Subridens immortali vultu 

1 5. Rogabas, quodnam esset quod passa fuissem, 

et quare 

16. Jamdudum te invocarem ; 



l5. tu &, w pocKoupct,'] Edidit Brunchius tu #'go [xduaipct. /x. a. 

1 5. tips, Qxxi y w to ninovSct , z' ottj ] Edidit Brunchius 
Hps ot Ti y riv to ninovSa v! ot ti o\ 

i5j 16. % otu Avjv ts zc&yji^ju ] Ita restituit J^ossius: Quare 
jam dudum te invocem. Vulgo legebatur yJ ozxi Aevpo 
xaloi[xu Baxterus putavit yJ oxu £' Hy ts kocIyijiui. 
Edidit Brunchius x' or ti fe ru za^/ap , ». 

16. ts] ts pro de. 



( so ) 

17. K' OTT SfJLlS fJLCLKl(TT iUhto y€V€(&<tl 

1 8. MclivoAcl 3-v/jLOji' rim F olvts 7r&$YifjL- 

19. }ll ■ (rcLywstnrcLv (ptAoTYirct* Tig tr\ J 

21. Kcti ycip ctl <Qevyy\, rct^iodg Sioo^er 

22. Ai S& JWpa. "/in ^X ST ^ #^A& Stover 
2.3. Ai cJg ^tw c^A^ tclxzms (piAct<r£iy 

24. H ovw gflsAAo.*?. 

25. 'Ea6s jtto* xcu i/w 5 x oL ^ €7r( ^ v f* AuVov 

26. Ex (JLspi/jLvav , oOTtt; $ ^o* reAicrtrcti 

27. ©u^toc ifjiiypsi , Tstemv , rv <F ctvrct 

28. Xv/ULfjL&XOS *Wo. 

17. JC.ott' sp$] Debentur Porto. Vulgata K' fere / ef«3 me- 
trum corruperunt. Brunckius edidit, *' 6'tti /epa p. s.v, 
Malim ego Xwi:t ; seu Kwiif. Sylburgius, 

lrj.pdhc-z eS^w] Alii nonnulli legunt paham $eko& y. 

18. S-y/jwS'] Brunckius, Svpy , t. & a. 

18 , 19, w« £' aOi£ ttsi'Sti^/ju Gotyr,veo(jav (p.] i. e. 77eeB'Gt> aayyjVcO- 
oixrav 0{)vOTy}Ta. Zayyjveffcrav yjXoTyjra est y^or/jta at^aXwi^oyra. 
Vossius. Ursinus et Stephanus ediderunt, n'va <^ avrs 
7i£i0w Ka« aayYivEvaav 9. quae amplectitur Portus^ existi- 
mans subaudiendum esse npoaofan* Quam suadelam 
tibi afferam? Faber legit tmSv, Kai oayriveva 7 dot jpiko- 



( 21 ) 

17. Et quodnam meo maxime vellem fieri 

18. Lymphato animo; quamve rursus suader- 
ig. em irretientem amorem : Quis te, O 

20. Sappho, injuria afficit? 

21. Si enim te fugit,cito te sequetur : 

22. Si vero tua dona non accipit, quin ipse 

tibi dona dabit : 

23. Et si te non amat , cito te amabit , 

24 Et si tu nolaeris. 

25. Veni ad me et nunc, et duris me solve 

26. Ex curis, et quae mihi te perficere 

27. Animus concupiscit , perfice j tuque ipsa 

28. Adjutrix esto. 

Tyjra. i. e. av« yikoxrixa. Quern adolescent em in amorem 
suasionibus meis inducerem y aut reti amatorio 
captarem. 

1 q. (pikoTYiw] Brunckius , yikoxoLTo., x. a. w. 

20. lanyoi, (k§vw • ] Brunckius y IcmyoL a$aw ; x. y. 

2 1 . ysvyr] 9 ] Edidit Brunckius yevya, t. & 
22 ^/st 7 , ] Edidit Brunckius dinex', a* & 
2d.(ptket ? 2 Brunckius, yCkri , t. (p. 

24. H ouxi iSekloig ] Hsec reposuit Vossius more ^Eolico. 
iSQloig yEol. est pro eSekoLg. In vulgaris editum est, 
K' otts xsXeuyjc. Baxterus mavult K' &vm iSiloig. 

27.TU ] a/, <7u. 



( 22 ) 



Jtluic opusculo meo, varias variorum manuscrip- 
kp ™zaci m torum a diversis editoribus * factas collationes , et 

Pearcio. . M . 

vana , quot quot mini occurrerunt , lectionum 
genera inserenda credidi • annotationes etiam meas , 
prout res tulit , quantulascunque ipse addendas 
putavi. 

Procedendo autem, sensim, ut fit, ac minutatim 
succrevit opus. 

Enimvero, non est cur dissimulem, me nihil prius 
antiquiusve duxisse , quam ut observationes aliquot 
ex Hebraico sermone deductas, itemque illustrationes 
ex Cantico Salomonis, et, ex Arabicis quibusdam et 
Persicis auctoribus, depromptas identidem introdu- 
cerem; quas quidem omnes, cum attentius relegis- 
sem, non aizpoadiowaaq judicavi., nee prorsus indignas, 
quae asservarentur sedulo, atque etiam, pro ingenii 
mei mediocritate , amplificarentur. 

Ejusmodi autem opus ut susciperem , atque ad 
umbilicum pro virili ducerem, illud me vehemen- 
ter incitabat , quod putavi fore , ut labor , quern in 
earn rem impenderem , studiosis quibusdam homi- 
nibus , ac nonnullis viris eruditis, neque ingratus, 
neque omnino inutilis esse videretur. 



(a3) 

Quod quidem meum consilium eo potissimum 
spectavit , ut in animis eorum , qui Greece et Latine 
sciunt, Orientalium linguarum amorem, aut paulisper 
accenderem, aut aliquantulum promoverem. 

Existimabam etenim Lutetiis Parisiorum raihi 
commoranti in proclivi fore ut excudere potuissem 
analecta quaedam Orientalia : rem vero inveni tot 
et tantis difficultatibus objectam > et quasi involutam, 
ut diutius queam nee in proposito susceptoque 
consilio permanere. 



Francis Henry EGERTON. 

Dabam 

Lutet. Parisior. 

Faeminese Calendas 
MDCCCXV. 



( 24 ) 

GULIELM. JONES. 

cc Limon, » seu cc Miscellaneorum Libera* 
Edit. Londini,, 8°. 1774. Append, pp. 525, 526, 527, 528, 

« Quatuor solum carmina huic libello subjungere 
(( volui , in horuin secundo Sapphus in Venerem 
cc notissimum carmen sum imitatus ; 

Carmen II. 

cc Ferfido ridens Erycina vultu, 
cc Seu Joci mater, tenerique Amoris, 
cc Seu Paplii regina potens , Cyprique 

cc Laetior audis, 

cc Linque jucundam Cnidon, et coruscum 
cc Dirigens currum , levis hue vocanti, 
cc Hue veni, et tecum properet soluto 

cc Crine Thalia. 

cc Jam venis ! nubes placidi serenas 
cc Passeres findunt , super albicantes 
« Dum volant sylvas , celeresque versant 

cc Leniter alas. 

a Rursus ad ccelum fugiunt : Sed alma 
cc Dulce subridens facie, loquelam 
cc Melle conditam liquido, jacentis 

cc Fundis in aurem. 



(*5) 

* Qua tepes , inquis , Licini , puella , 
' Lucidis venanti oculis amantes ? 
6 Cur doces mcestas resonare lucum, 

* Care ? querelas? 

1 Dona si ridet tua , dona mittet ; 
c Sive te molli roseos per hortos 
6 Hinnulo vitat levior, sequetur 

' Ipsa fugacem. ■ 

« Per tuos oro , Dea mitis , ignes , 
<c Pectus ingrata3 rigidum Corinnse 
cc Lenias : — Et te , Venus alma , amore 

cc Torsit Adonis. » 



( 26 ) 

1 thought I had bid adieu to all further Greek 
publications , and henceforth that I should occupy 
myself, solely and exclusively, with diplomatic and 
historical researches : But , my growing infirmities 
compel me to sit at home, where I entertain myself 
with various literary pursuits. 

Ucec studia adolescentiam alunt , senectutem 
oblectant, etc. 

Francis Henry EGERTON. 



Paris , 

i st March, i8i5. 



J.-M. EBERIIART, IMPRIMEUR DU COLLEGE ROYAL DE FRANCE, 

Rue da Foin S.-Jacques ? n° 12. 



THE FIRST PART OF 

A LETTER, 

TO THE PARISIANS, 
AND, THE FRENCH NATION, 

UPON INLAND NAVIGATION, 

CONTAINING A DEFENCE OF THE PUBLIC CHARACTER 
OF HIS GRACE 

FRANCIS EGERTON, 

LATE DURE OF BRIDGEWATER , 

etc. etc. etc. 

BY 
THE HONOURABLE 

FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON, 

etc. etc. etc. 
And, including some NOTICES, and, ANECDOTES, 

CONCERNING 

MR. JAMES BRINDLEY. 



^ 



( 3 



M< 



OST certainly, I love my Own, in preference to All Other 
Countries : and, this Love is occasioned, Not, by a fond, 

but natural, amor patriae, alone; Not, by unseeing prejudice; 
but, It is founded upon much reflection upon our Liberties, 
and, Laws; upon long study of the Constitution of our Go- 
vernment; and, also, upon unwearied observation, extended 
comparison : for, I have read of, and have seen, Many Na- 
tions ; I have travelled, at my leisure, with every possible 
convenience, with all desirable recommendation, into Va- 
rious Countries of Europe : 

But, though I prize my Own Country Preferably to All ; 
Yet, have I learned to set a Just Value upon Others : 

Each, I know, has Many Peculiar Advantages : 

To the French Nation I bear, Particularly, an affectionate 
regard: That I do, I have given no small proof's; What 
incontestable demonstration ! and, moreover, I have, even 
bought a House (i) at Paris ; and, for the present, I have 
iixed my residence (2) at Paris : 

So long as I live, shall I bear a Grateful Sense of the Loyal 
Returns, which Were made to me, of the Attentions which 
Were Shewen to me, of the Respect with which I Was treat- 
ed, in France. 

To the French Nation, therefore, Gratitude impels me, at 
this Time especially, to address myself. 

(1) Of the Due de Noailles : Formerly, Hotel de Noailles; 
Now, Hotel Egerton. 

(2) His Present Majesty, in pursuance of Art. i3th, Book 
the 1 st, of the Code Civil, has enabled me " a etablir mon 
rt Domicile en France, et a y jouir des Droits Civils, " by an 
" Ordonnance" dated i3th April, 18 16, and, printed in the 
"Bulletin des Lois," B. 86: p. 723 : (n° 708). 



(4) 
I am intimately convinced of the Importance, and, Utility, of 
which it may be to France, (3) not only, in its Agricultural 
Transfers, in a Diffused Conveyance of the productions of its 
Mines (4), and, in its Commercial intercourse; but, also, in 
its Military (5), and, Political (6), administration, to extend (7), 
and to ameliorate too (7), its Inland Navigation, that is to say, 

(3) How can I omit alluding to the momentous consideration 
of providing one efficacious means of augmenting the Population 
of the Country ; inasmuch as an abundant supply of water contri- 
butes to encrease the Convenience, the Cleanliness, and, of course, 
the Health, of Any People ? 

(4) It would give me pleasure, if, any observations, which, here, 
I may presume to make, might become the means of procuring 
beneficial effect to the French Nation : 

With that view solely, I beg leave to say, That France, in my 
humble opinion, has, yet, Much to learn in the art of working her 
Mines. 

(5) Once, when I was at Bordeaux, I was then going to Spain, 
and, Portugal, the excellent Monsieur Bergevin, Who, for many 
years, was " Commissaire de Marine, " at Bordeaux, told me, That 
He had, frequently, sent, during War with England, Many various 
Naval Stores from Bordeaux to Toulon, by the Canal of Lan- 
guedoc. 

(6) Can I avoid mentioning, That Every Nation procures accu- 
mulated facilities, and, greater advantages, in making Treaties of 
Commerce, with Other Nations, with Whom She may be in Amity, 
and, Alliance, by Easily communicating to Her several Ports, the 
Produce of Her Mines, and,, the Productions of Her Soil? 

(7) (7) I use tne wor d to extend: for, full well I know that France, 
from a very distant period, has used its wealth, and employed its 
vast powers of Mind, in the construction of Various Canals : 

Need I Instance the Canal of Languedoc ? 

The Canal de Briare ? 

The Canal de Saint-Quentin ? 

And so Many Others ? 

More, I need not name : 

I think I have seen them almost All ; 

And, nevertheless, I say " to ameliorate too. 



(5) 
its System of Water Roads by means of Canals: 

And, I am thoroughly persuaded, moreover, of the Ad- 
vantages which France may derive from supplying with Wa- 
ter, duly conducted from Canals, and their Feeders, not only 
the Streets, and, Public Places, of its Towns, and Cities, but, 
also, Each Story of the Private House of Every Proprietor. 

Towards a commencement of this last mentioned Design, a 
Project, I am told, will immediately be put in execution, of 
supplying Paris, with Water, from the Ourcq Canal. 

Under these considerations, I presume, humble individual 
as I am, and, moreover, a foreigner in France, to address a 
Letter to the Parisians, and, to the French Nation. 

And, when I see the Name of Mr. Brindley ; and That, more 
especially, of Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, 
brought before the Public, as Authority respecting Canals, 
(Great Authorities undoubtedly, They are. when Their opinions 
are correctly Set forth!) I think it behoves me to use my 
poor endeavours, That, the Parisians, and, the French Na- 
tion, shall not be misled by Erroneous Statements, concerning 
Either : 

And, haply, it may be thought that such Statements as I 
shall make relating to Mr. Brindley's employment in my Fa- 
mily, and Those, especially, which I here give to the Public 
respecting Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, may 
bear an Authenticity, which They cannot derive from Any 
Other Quarter: 

Many were the Various Particulars, Many the Curious 
Anecdotes, Many the Private Transactions, Many the Secret 
Occurences, which None, but the late Duke of Bridgewater, 
and I myself, could know, intimately, and, correctly : 

He, now, is gone! 

I am left, indeed! but, tottering on the brink of my Grave! 

I lived in the House with the late Duke of Bridgewater : 

My Brother, now, wears the Title of Bridgewater: 

And, I am Presumptive Heir to the Title of Bridgewater. 

Tp the above mentioned purposes, then, though I am, at 



(6) 

this period, otherwise particularly engaged (8), I snail devote 
a leisure hour, or two : 

Rien ne me coute, lorsquil s'agit tie temoigner mes egards a 
la Nation Francaise. 

And, I shall reserve what I have, further to say, for some 
future opportunity, when I have more leisure, if I shall See 
occasion. 

With regard to His Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of 
Bridgewater, I shall dilate more particularly, in the ensuing 
papers : 

And, if it may be observed That I speak of Him, and, of 
Mr. Brindley, in many various places, without separating the 
Two, and, without attributing a distinct part to Each, it 
should be considered that my Subject has required it: 

And, it may not be ascribed to my having presumed to ad- 
dress a Letter to the Parisians, and to the French Nation, which 
is written without due method, and, arrangement. 

I Shall open, then, with some Notices, concerning Mr. 
Brindley; into which Must, Necessarily, enter, also, the name 
of Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater. 

Perhaps, the Chiefest, Regular, Detailed, Historical, Account 
of the Life of Mr. Brindley, if it was not the Sketch by Nic- 
holson, was That which was edited by Dr. Rippis, in the 
" New Biographia Bntannica." 

Mr. Brindley had Abundant Merit as an Engineer : He had 
much Theoretical, and Practical, Knowledge in Mechanical 
Constructions, had Boundless Invention, had Infinite Re- 
sources, knew Perfectly All things which appertained to Every 
Part which He exercised in his Profession : 



(8) Chiefly, in drawing up the Third, and, Fourth, Parts of 
N° XIII of Addenda, and Corrigenda, to my Edition, printed at 
THE CLARENDON PRESS, Oxford, of the Hippolytus Stepha- 
nquhoros of Euripides. 



(7 ) 

In that point of -view, He Deserved a Place ; but, as a Man 
of Transcendent Ability, of Extraordinary Genius, Self-taught, 
He had a positive, absolute, indubitable, Right to a Separate 
Article concerning Him in the " New Biographia firitanmca." 
Who would stop to enquire whether it was conceived that He 
furnished a favourable opportunity of displaying the merit of 
One of his Persuasion? He became a National Ornament ! 

He was a Worldly Treasure ! 

Ever must I speak with respect of Dr. Kippis: Highly He 
proclaimed High Merit, where, High Merit existed : Con- 
donandum, even, I think, it is to Him, if He did so with 
any degree of that Affectionate Warmth, which, Sometimes, 
prompted Him to go Too Far: 

But, I beg leave to be indulged in saying that, in my hum- 
ble opinion, He went Too Far, in Some of his Statements con- 
cerning Mr. Brindiey, inasmuch as They had reference to 
Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater : 

Does He not ascribe to Mr. Brindiey Inventions, upon the 
late Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, which were Not Those of 
Mr. Brindiey? but, which were Invented, upon the spur of 
the occasion, at the moment of a pressing exigency, Long 
After Mr. Brindiey no further was employed by the late Duke 
of Bridgewater? 

Did He not attribute to Him Works upon the late Duke of 
Bridgewater's Canal, which were Not Those of Mr. Brindiey? 

Does not He superadd to Mr. Brindiey, Merits which, Pro- 
perly, appertained to Others? 

I cannot trace u detur digniori" with regard to Francis 
Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater: 

Too incorrectly I think, is He represented as a Rich Young 
Man, Who furnished the Expence indeed of making a Canal : 
as the " doigt financier" of a Body, of which was the Head 
Mr. Brindiey : 

The chief Merit, and, Execution of the Canal, to Some, may 
seem to be attributed to Mr. Brindiey : 

Upon reading the several accounts, the Public may, Almost, 



(8) 
be induced to imagine that the late Duke of Bridgewater, in 
order to make his Canal, depended, as to the Efficient part of 
it, upon Mr. Brindley. 

Dr. Kippis served as a Basis, on which were founded Fur- 
ther Superstructures of Error: He became the Parent of 
Future Incorrectnesses in All the subsequent Sketches of the 
Life of Mr. Brindley. 

Vn faux jour a souvent produit plus d'une erreur. (9) 

Succeding Biographers copied what They found asserted ; 
or, in the " New Biographia Britannica " , or, in Preceding 
Biographers : 

Succeding Diseoursers copied what They found in Preceding 
Discoursers : 

Succeding Reporters copied what They found in Preceding 
Reporters : 

And, Succeding Writers, not only copied what they found 
in Preceding Writers : but, they diverged, yet more, and, 
more, from some Real Facts ; for, they stated Them, ac- 
cording as They Erroneously supposed the Facts to have 
happened, ascribing to the late Duke of Bridgewater, Motives, 
and, Opinions, which He Never had, Never entertained. 

"All smarting' " to be' " ever and anon" " so pestered'' 
(10), shall I Answer Nothing? 

Shall I leave these " Cavaliers" in possession of the Field ? 

Shall I, Remissly, see Them busied in occupying the sur- 
rounding Heights ? Or, shall I attempt to dislodge Them ? 

Shall I permit Them to ascribe to the late Duke of Bridge- 
water, Facts, which He Never did, Motives, which He Never 
had, Opinions, which He never entertained ? 

Shall I suffer Many Individuals of Whole Nations to be Mis- 
led by Erroneous Statements, respecting the late Duke, when 
They have a claim to precise, and accurate, information ? 

(9) Crebillon, in his Catilina. 
(10) Percy, in Shakspeare's i*t part of Henry IV. 



(9) 

Jtfunquamne reponam? (n) 

Yes, certainly ; 

// s'en presentera; gardez-vous d'en douter. (12) 

And, the Works which I am told are going to be carried on 
here, at Paris, and, in France, afford me, at this Time, a Very 
Sufficient Inducement. 

One, perhaps the most incorrect of All the Biographical 
Sketches I have seen, is That, which is printed in the 
" Dictionnaire Hcstorique" by the freres Michaud, book- 
sellers, at Paris. 

Here, I shall not take Further Notice of the Article 
" Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater ;" Well, indeed, I might ! 

But, I shall confine my Observations, at present, to the 
Article " Brindley." 

And, if I shall make Any, it will happen solely, and, exclu- 
sively, on account of the reasons above-assigned : For, Can 
I, Possibly, surmise that this Passing Phenomenon, which 
is Supposed to have been Observed of Mr. James Brindley, if 
considered in Any View, if held up in Any Light, can reflect 
an undue colour upon, can cause even the faintest adumbra- 
tion, of the Public Character of his Grace, Francis Egerton, 
late Duke of Bridgewater, Who, advantageously, employed 
that Able, and, Solid Engineer. 

In the Article '" Brindley" among Many assertions which 
appear to me Unfounded, One is Hardily stated, that, 

c< Un de Ses (that is Mr. Brindley's) Projets Favoris etait 
" d' unirU Angleterre et VIrlande par une Route Flottanle (float- 
" ing road), et un Canal ; ce qu'il se flattait d' executes de 
" maniere a ce que I'ouvrage put resister aux plus violentes 
" attaques de la mer. %i 



(it) Persius, 
(12) Tancr£de. 



( io) 

I, for my part, shall not condescend to give any serious 
consideration to Such an assertion : 

Never, can I be brought to think that it calls for any formal 
reply, from me : 

Ejusmodi Opus ut susciperem, atque ad umbilicum pro virili 
ducerem, Labor omnino inutilis mihi esse videretur. 

But, still, if there should be One Frenchman, Who may be 
inclined to give credence to an assumption which He sees Har- 
dily asserted in a Work, printed at Paris, it may admit of 
some Notice, it might, Possibly even, suffer some answer. 

I desire to have it clearly understood, That, through the 
Whole of these Papers, I Wish to avoid all Personalities 
whatever: I utterly disclaim them: I mean to make none. 

" Curs' t be the ''line," how well soe'er it flow " 

u That tends to make One Honest man my foe" (iZ) 

My Sole Intention is to give in a Reply to That which I ob- 
serve to be advanced respecting His Grace, Francis Egerton, 
late Duke of Bridgewater, and His employment of Mr. Brind- 
ley ; in order that The Parisians, and, The French Nation, 
may Not, at this Time especially, be Misled by Erroneous Sta- 
tements. 

If then, There should be Any One Frenchman, cither at Pa- 
ris, or, throughout The Whole Nation, Who may be inclined 
to believe in this assertion, and to act upon it, I recommend 
to Him to go to the "Ponts-et-Chaussees," and to consult the 
Many Able, and, Experienced, Engineers He may find there,: 

If, These should give Him no satisfactory opinion, I would 
suggest to Him That He may consult every Engineer, through- 
out All France : 

But, still, if He cannot obtain such answers as may please 
Him, let Him address Himself to Every Engineer, throughout 
All Europe : 

(i3) Pope. 



( » ) 

Some there are, who ask advice for no other purpose what- 
ever, than to hunt out an Opinion consonant to their Own, 
which may bear Them out as Authority in their wayward cru- 
dities, by asserting that there are Others who think as They 
do : Predetermined are They to take None but Such as coin- 
cides with their Own mode of opining, I had almost said, 
that tallies with their " entetement : " 

If, still, He cannot obtain the satisfaction He expects from 
These Engineers, He will have the Latitude of consulting Every 
Engineer, throughout All the World: 

De Paris au Perou, du Japon jusqiCa Rome. (14) 

Let Him ask Them All, Collectively, and, Individually, 
Whether Such a Bridge could be made: 

But, even granting that Such a Bridge could be made, let 
Him enquire of Them, if It could stand Five Minutes against 
an Ordinary Tide, much less against Equinoctial Winds, 
much less against a Fresh Gale, much less against a Storm, 
against u les plus violentes attaques de la mer." 

Certainly, a Bridge Across the Channel, between England, 
and, Ireland, could not be built in Masonry ; for, no founda- 
tion, on Earth, could be made for its abutments : 

And, even supposing Such an Impossibility, What would be 
the Span of its Arches ? 

It must, then, be a Bridge of Boats, a Floating Road: 

In that case, it must always describe a Curve, a small Seg- 
ment of a large Circle : Float it must with the Tides, and 
be, so many hours, Above, and so many, Below: Never could 
it produce a Right Line. 

And, then, How would its ends be fastened to the Land, on 
Either Side? 

What Force could Stay it against the Weight of moving 
waters, not in Mid-Channel only, but throughout its Whole 
Length ? 

Moreover, too, What would be the expence of Repairing Such 
(14) Boileau. 



( ") 

a Bridge ! And, might not the expencesSo incurred prove en- 
tirely useless? Might they not, at any One moment, become 
fruitless, money totally lost, money thrown into the Sea ? 

And, moreover, still, What would be the comparison bet- 
ween the expences of constructing, and, repairing, such a 
Bridge ; and, That of going in Boats, Vessels, and, Ships ? 

Is England, too, a Maritime Country? 

I cannot think that Mr. Brindley ever had such a crotchet in 
his pate; 

But, of Tliis 1 am Sure, That He Never communicated it 
to the late Duke of Bridgewater : 

And, of This I am Very Sure, That if Mr. Brindley So 
had done, the late Duke of Bridgewater, from that moment, 
No Longer, Never More, would have employed Him. 

Whence comest Thou, Thou undaunted, Thou aye unap- 
palled, W T ho presentest Thyself to cross This Bridge? 

Henceforth, for ever be silent ! Aye ! hide your diminished 
heads, ye Praters about Pharaoh! 

And Thou, too, Lord Lieutenant, wilt Thou also, go over 
Mr. Brindley's Bridge ? 

It was always conceived of Thee, that Thou wast a wary 
man, well fitted to govern : 



" A noble Peer, of michle trust, and power" 

" Having in charge, with temper d awe to guide 1 ^ 

" An Old, and Haughty Nation, Proud in Arms :" (i5) 

Well fare Thee, Gaunt Champion ! 
Happily BeTide Thee, Gallant Knigbt ! 
Vice-Roy ! Go over Mr. Brindley's Bridge ! 
ci I pete regna per undas (16) !" 

(i5) See Milton's "Comus" of a former Earl of Bridgewater. 
Who was Lord President of Wales. 
(16) Virgil. ;En. Lib: IV. 



(l3) 

But, First, let me ask you, 
Can you Swim ? 
Have you made your Will ? 
Then, go over Mr. Brindley's Bridge! 
Embark, indeed, from Holyhead to Dublin! i 
What! an English Vice-Roy go in a Ship! ! ! 
Lov'st thou thy Wife, sweet Lord ? 
Is She Dear to Thee? 

Send Her, and " All your little ones (17)/' over Mr. Brind- 
ley's Bridge. 
Dear Woman! 
Let Her be all that charms or softens Life, 

The Tender Sister, Daughter, Friend, and, Wife : 

Yes, She is All that makes Mankind adore. (18). 

Sweet Babes ! 

" ivhts lixog ; 

" TsrgpOe tee&v xojuciv ficA&uetv' 1 

'.' Hotpio/Jog xvfioflos xx. dteyas, 

ct OvP civifcx (pQoyfav, ^ro^v^iu,^ 

" ULilf&ivos iv ftXotvtdiy U^o<ra)7rov K.uXov 5" 

<e ri xixopcti , tvfre, fi^ipog ; " (19). 

Yes, you shall sleep, indeed ! but, it shall be 

lc ev fiothot, fAUK^ov , uli^fAova, , vqy^iiov , VTrvev." (20). 

Never again shall you awake, Blessed Soul, but in the 
bosom of your GOD! 

Dear Woman ! Sweet Babes ! 

Hie Ye to the Family Vault of your Ancestors ? 

Shall Ye be " buried in Peace " , 



(17) Macduff, in Shakspeare's "Macbeth." 

(18) Pope's Epistle to Jervas, of a former Countess of Bridge- 
water, Who was Daughter, and, One of the Three Coheiresses, of 
John, the Great Duke of Marlborough. 

(19) Fragment of Simonides, preserved in Dionys. Hal. Tift 2vv8. 

(20) Mosch. 'Et*7«3> : B»«vcc. 



( 4) 

u When the remorseless Deep " 

u Shall close tier your lovd HeadsV (21). 

Buried in Peace ! 

Who shall perform a Funeral Service over your r Corpses ? 

Where may the Waters Not waft Them? Where may 
" ... the Sounduig Seas Not wash Them Far away" (22)? To 
the End, of the Earth ! 

Ah Me ! I fondly dream : 

W T ont was I to suppose that, <c perinde Non Tarn Firma 
imperii Munimenta, quam Numerus Liberorum :" (23) 

E'en let the Children go over M. Brindley's Bridge : " No 
matter" should They be lost ! 

Art Thou determined, then, Hardy Lord, (24) to go over 
Mr. Brindley's Bridge ? 



.(21) Milton's "Lycidas". 

(22) Milton's "Lycidas." 

(23) So, was I formerly taught by Tacitus. 

(24) Of course, I must speak with interest, and, with affection 
too, of the Charge, as well as, of the Person, of a Lord Lieute- 
nant of Ireland. 

Of Late Years, Many of my Relations have served as Lords 
Lieutenants of Ireland : 

And, I am assured That the Vice-Royalty of Ireland has Twice 
been offered to my Brother : the First Time, when the Duke 
of Bedford; the second Time, when the Duke of Richmond; 
came away : 

I am assured, too, That, in case the above offer had been 
accepted, my Nephew, the Right Honourable Charles Long, Privy 
Counsellor, M. P. Joint Pay Master of His Majesty's Forces, 
etc. etc. etc. was to have been Secretary General of Ireland : 

But, I know not whether these assurances, are, or, are not 
founded. 

That which follows, I know for Certain, That, during the Reign 
of Queen Elizabeth, went with the Earl of Essex, and fought, 
under Him, in Tyrone's Rebellion, Thomas Egerton, Elder 



( i5 ) 
Oh ! Thou " sans peur " ! 

And, wilt Thou send Thy Wife, and Thy Children, over 
M. Brindley's Bridge ? 

Thou not " sans reproche ? " 

u A us si Barbare Epoux, qixlmpitoyable Pere!'* (25) 

But, Will the Cabinet send its dispatches to Thee, by Mr. 
Brindley's Bridge ? 

Will All Official Communication, between the Two Coun- 
tries, be carried on by means of Mr. Brindley's Bridge ? 

I know, That the Place of King's Messenger is earnestly 
sought for; and, That much interest is employed to obtain it: 

But, yet, perhaps, Administration would scarcely find Mes- 
sengers, upon the Irish Station, if Each was constrained to 
go over Mr. Brindley's Bridge. 

Such, then, and So Sure, must be the Certain means of car- 
rying on the Government of the United Kingdoms, by means of 
Mr. Brindley's Bridge ! 

Such, and, So Sure, are the provisions made for Individual 
Comfort, for Private Convenience, for Domestic Happiness, 
by means of Mr. Brindley's Bridge ! 

Such, and, So Sure, too, would be the Commercial advan- 
tages which would afford Mr. Brindley's Bridge ! 

A Commercial Man is supposed to calculate Profit j and, 
per Contra, Loss, and, Amount of Risk : 

Idle Supposition ! 

Hardily, let Him commit All His Merchandise, Manufactures, 
etc. to go over Mr. Brindley's Bridge. 

Are there not "plenty" of Insurers ? 

Brother of John Egerton, Who, by the death of Thomas, after- 
wards, became Earl of Bridgewater : 

And, That, in Much More Ancient Times Indeed, a direct Ancestor 
of my Mother, Who was Daughter, and, Co-Heiress of Henry GREY, 
DUKE of KENT, was "Lord Justiciary" of Ireland. 

(a5) Racine's " Jphige'nie. " 



(rfi.) 

Does not Each Side of the Wafer, teem with Them? 

Is not the Price of Insurance so Very Moderate, to go over 
Mr. Brindley's Bridge? 

And, has the Revenue an Interest in our Exports, and, 
Imports ? 

Are Any Duties paid upon Them ? 

Besides, would any Ship, any Vessel, whatever, u go 
" about", because it met such a Bridge in its way? If They 
could not " go about," round the Island, for instance; sup- 
posing, too, They were bound for Bristol, Liverpool, Port- 
Patrick, Cork, or, Elsewhere in the Channel, would the 
Bridge be detached to let the Ship, or, Vessel, go through ? 

And, then, how Long an Interval might happen before the 
Bridge, Again, could be righted : for, Another, and, Another, 
and, yet, Another, Sail, might Still be in Sight : " Crack eye- 
" balls;" (26) there is no end to the Commerce of the United 
Kingdoms. 

If, the Bridge should be detached, in Any One Part, "Would 
it be Easy to join it again? Would it be Difficult to collect 
the ends? 

And, in the mean time, Where would be the Passengers, 
Who, at that luckless time, were in the act of crossing Mr. 
Brindley's Bridge? 

But, if the Bridge should be detached in More than One 
Part, Where would the Waters carry the separate pieces, 
should the Waves not dash Them into Bits? 

W'ould They, Who meant to be Passengers, only, Who paid 
their money for a Safe Transport, be carried out, in Certain 
Danger, to Sea? 

Supposing, moreover, the Country was at War ; 

That, the English Fleet should see an Enemy's Fleet ranged 
in Line of Battle, on the Other side of Mr. Brindley's Bridge, 
would It bear down on the Enemy, and clear for Action, 
Every Man Doing His Duty ? 



(26) Shakspeare. 



( 17 ) 

Or, Would the, English Fleet refuse to Fig/it, Would it Fly, 
that, forsooth, It might not occasion detriment to Mr. Brind- 
ley's Bridge ? 

And, then, too, Would the Nice Apprehension of endanger- 
ing- Mr. Brindiey's Bridge, be held to be a Sufficient Justification 
before a Court Martial, judging by the Articles of War? 

Again, Would the Enemy pursue the Flying English Fleet, 
Accipiter velut Molles Colurnbas (27); and " run down" Mr. 
Brindiey's Bridge? 

Supposing, also, still more particularly, that One King's 
Ship should descry One Sail, a a foreign built bottom," " fo- 
" reign rigged," upon the Other side of Mr. Brindiey's Bridge; 
What would be done ? 

I appeal to Every Officer of the Royal Navy I 

Much, and, Long, experience, have I had, with regard to 
Private Bills : 

And, I am much inclined to doubt, Whether Any Member 
of the House of Commons could be prevailed upon to " ask 
leave to bring in a Bill", " To make a Floating Road, and, 
a Canal, from Great Britain to Ireland:" 

I am much inclined to doubt, too, Whether Any Member of 
the House of Commons could, in any wise, be brought to Se- 
cond Such a Motion : 

So that, Such a Bill would be lost in its very u Outset;" 

And, would Never come, even, to a First reading : 

But, Should it be Possible that Such a Bill should not Fall 
under its manifest impossibility, 

And, came to a Second Reading ; 

How, afterwards, would it b? "combated" in the Committee? 

Could a Man of Mr. Brindiey's Weight, and, Influence, 
support Such a Bill, in the Committee? 

Could Any Man, be his Interest, Power, and, Authority, 
what it may, support Such a Bill, in the Committee? 

(2 7)Horat: Carmin: Lib; I, Ode Zj. 



( i-8 ) 
Could any Set of Men, could even Administration, "carry" 
Such a Bill? 

Would They be left in a Minority ? 

But, to consider the case of Mr. Brindiey Himself : 

Had, Mr. Brindiey a Capital tantamount to such an immense 
expence, to such a hazardous speculation ? 

Or, was the Bridge to be executed by a Company, to Whom 
He was to be the Engineer ? 

Would the Bridge be constructed with a " Trottoir," on 
One Side only ? 

Or, with a " Trottoir" on Both Sides ? 

Or, without any " Trottoir" whatever ? 

In that case, the " Pieton" must walk along the middle, in 
the mud : 

Very Wet must He be in his Feet ; 

And, Wetted u through, and, through," dashed, and, co- 
vered with Spray, All along his Whole Long passage, a few 
feet, only, above the level of the Sea. 

Would the Bridge be Paved ? 

What Weight! Would the Weight sink the Bridge? 

Moreover, Would it be easy to pave an Inclined Plane, mo- 
ving continually, and, at every moment describing an Altered 
Curve, varying, horizontally, as well as, vertically ? 

Or, Would the Bridge be laid down with Boards, on Sleep- 
ers ; and, Then, Gravelled ? 

If, such an endeavour could become Possible, how Great 
would be its Expence ? 

But, a Toll should be raised, proportionate to the Interest 
of the Capital expended: 

What commensurate Toll could be claimed of Carriages^ 
Horsemen, and, Droves ? 

And, what adequate Toll could be required from the " Pie- 
"ton," in proportion to the convenient advantages afforded 
Him by Mr. Brindley's Bridge? 



C 19) 

Who, could Presume to ask for, or, to receive, Any Toll 
Whatever ? 

Can, Money be Levied upon the Subject, but by Authority 
of Parliament? 

By what Authority, then, was Mr. Brindley to Levy a Toll, 
or, to Bridge England, and Ireland? 

Neither, Could He do, by Act of Parliament ! 

Nay, Could All England, could All Ireland , Could, even, 
Great Britain and Ireland United, Enact That One should be 
Bridged to the Other ? 

Could Either, or, Both, intercept the Sea-road between 
Them ? 

Could They Enact, That the High Seas, now no longer 
Land-locked, should become Bridge-locked. 

Where is the Navigation Act ? 

Where are our Several Navigation Acts ? 

If Either, or Both, Countries had the Power, Would it 
be the Interest of Both, or, Either? 

But, supposing that it Should be Possible, to make an Vp- 
der-ground Bridge, shall we send for the Gas-Light- Under- 
takers, and, ask Them, What Contract would They make? 

How, would They be able to Light this Long, and, Dark, 
Passage? 

Would, It be wet ? 

Would, the super-incumbent water ooze through; possibly, 
flood It? 

Would, Sea- Water be Salt, and Deliquescent ? 

Would, the Lights burn ? 

How, Could be contrived the Current of Air ? 

Would, the Air within the Passage of this Under-Ground 
Bridge become no longer fit for respiration ; perhaps, inflam- 
mable ? 

If a Bridge Over Sea should be to be made, would it not be 
much more expedient to Bridge England and France, from 
Dover to Calais, for instance, seven leagues only? 

And, Then, provided a Passenger, with his Suite? passed in 



(20) 
his Carriage, and avoided becoming Sea-Sick, perchance even, 
took a pretty Sea View (28), would it be of very Little impor- 
tance, indeed, That All Navigation, Military, or, Commercial, 
should, not be intercepted only, but, totally precluded, be- 
tween Russia, Sweden, Norway, Germany, the Low-Coun- 
tries, Holland, and, the Rest of the Whole World ? 

But, to dismiss what may be urged in favour of private In- 
dividual Convenience, and, of the Arts too ; 

What Advantages would the United Kingdoms obtain, in 
a Political Point of View T , by Such a Bridge ? 

The United Kingdoms have Many Various Political Relations 
with the Continent of Europe, and Asia : 

W r ould Maritime England send Them All by this Bridge ? 

How, for instance, would Communications arrive from, or, 
Orders be dispatched to, India ? 

Granting that Such a Bridge could be made, Now, in time 
of Peace: 

And, England and France, at this period, are in Amity, 
and, Alliance: 

So may They Long continue ! 

But, If They were at War; and, History teaches us that, 
Sometimes, They have been at War ; 

What would become of Such a Bridge? 

Time has been when was projected an Invasion of Eng- 
land : 

How Much More Easy would it be to Transport, Horse, 
Artillery, etc., in fine, to march a Whole Army, over Such 
a Bridge, from Calais to Dover ; than to send Troops in Cock- 
boats from Boulogne (29) ? 



(28) Perhaps, Another Vernet ; 

" Such, and so Great, Another shall appear! n 
" The Vision flies ! there is Another Here ! " 
Brag<je's Prize poem. 

(29) "Very soon after the u Flottille" assembled in the Bay near 
Boulogne - sur - Mer, it would have required Three Hundred 



I ever think of the French Army, with the highest 
admiration : 

All Hail ! Gallant and Brave ! 

What sound is That which met my ear? 

Methinks! was said: 

44 Pity ! that Mr. Brindley died before the time of 
Buonaparte ! ! !" (3o) 



Caulkers employed, Day, and, Night, for Six Months, to render it 
even "Sea-Tight:" 

And, then, with what Raw, and, Unseasoned, Stuff was It built ? 
with Growing Trees, cut down, sawed into Plank, and, hastily, 
worked up into Boats. 

(3o) I have thought proper. Thus, to print the name; though I 
am aware, that, at this Period, by Many it was written Bonaparte, 
rather than Buonaparte : 

Being, consequently, in doubt, whether I should give to the Press 
the name with, or, without, an u, the surest method I conceived 
of ascertaining How I should Spell, Authentically, the Original fa- 
mily name, would be to be borne out, if I could, by the Very Au- 
thority of Himself, during the early times in which He lived, in 
youth, with his own family : 

According to this purpose, I had recourse to my Collection 
of Manuscripts (Jsliridge Collect ; MSS. Francis Henry Egerton : Vol. 
XVI, B — 2) ; in Which, I find the First in Order of time of the 
Original Letters I possess of Buonaparte, is One, All written 
with His Own Hand, signed Buonaparte : 

This Letter is addressed to the Abbe Raynal ; and is, correctly, 
as follows : 

"Monsieur, 
44 II vous sera difficile de vous ressouvenir parmis le grand 
44 nombre d'etrangers qui vous importunent de leur admiration ; 
44 d'une personne a la quelle vous avez bien voulu faire des hon- 
44 netetes lanneederniere; vous vous entreteniez avec plaisir de 
44 la Corse daignez done jetter un coup doeil sur cette esquise de 
4C son histoire je vous present* ici les 2 premieres lettres si vou>* 



Xerxes marched his Whole Army from Asia into Europe, 
for the Invasion of Greece, £?t/|«? rnv EXXqo-wotTov (3i ;: but, 
the Plan of Xerxes was Small, in comparison with the Plan r 
the Grand Design, the " Projet Favori" attributed to Mr. 
Brindley: inasmuch as, the Breadth of the Hellespont, at the 
Place where Xerxes " yoked the Hellespont," is neither so 
Large, or, so Impracticable, however rapid may be the Cur- 
rent, as is the Irish Channel. 

And, then, a Canal too ! " Par-dessus le marchel r ' 

I am convinced, That Neither Biographers, Discoursers ? 
Reporters, or Writers, have, Intentionally, mistated Facts, 
Motives, and, Opinions : 

I mention these Gentlemen for no Other reasons than for 
Those above-mentioned : They have had no Other intention, 
I am persuaded, than to state That, which They conceived 
might become of beneficial advantage to the Public; and, 
That, which They imagined might be urged, in favour of Mr. 
Brindley, and, in honour of Francis Egerton, late Duke of 
Bridgewater : 

The Kindness of their Zeal, however, has led Them too far, 
sometimes ; but especially, when They were under default of 
accurate information : 



<c les agreez je vous en enverois la fin. Mon frere a qui j'ai 
" recommande de ne pas oublier dans sa Commission de deputes 
M pour reconduire Paoli dans la patrie de venir recevoir une lecon 
st de vertu et d'humanite vous les remetteras 
" Je suis avec respect 

" Votre tres humble 
" et obeissant 
;; Ajaccio le 24 jnin 1'an i e ~ tc serviteur 

" de la liberie u Buonaparte 

" Officier d'artillerie 

(3i) Zibets tav E^i'y^ovTOv, x«4* hopu'tjets thv aS«, says Lysias. 



( s3 ) 

For, They did not, and could, not, know, What Precisei f 
were Some of the Facts, How They were brought aboutj 
and, Wjiy They happened : 

They had No connection ; They, possibly, had No acquain- 
tance ; They, certainly, had Not any remote relationship with 
His Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater : 

How, then, could They, always, know his Motives, and 7 
Opinions ? 

They, only, copied, or, availed Themselves of, That which 
They found precedently in print ; and, of course, have fal- 
len into various Errors. 

Inasmuch, then, as Facts, Motives, and, Opinions, relate to 
my Family, an undue Statement of All, or, Either, may, in 
my humble opinion, serve to Mislead, and, Not, to give pre- 
cise, and, accurate,, information. 



One of these Discourses is printed in the Ci Moniteur" of 
Ci Samedi i5 Juin, 1818"; and, is entitled, 

"INSTITUT ROYAL DE FRANCE. Acabemie Royale 
" des Sciences. Precis Ilistorique sur la Navigation Inte- 
ic rieure, lu, par M. Girard s dans la seance de I 'Academic 
u Royale des Sciences, le 16 Mars, 1818." 

As far as The Discourse relates to Internal Navigation, in 
France, I shall reply Nothing : 

But, in many regards, as it relates to His Grace, Francis 
Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, I think it behoves me 
to say, That it contains Incorrectnesses, and, Mistatements: 

I shall take Notice of a Few, Only, of These ; 

And, I shall reserve the Remainder to a further occasion^ 
when I have more leisure, if I shall See fit, and, proper : 

Yet, I, Now, hold myself to be Fully, and, Personally, 
Responsible, for whatever I ttiay state, in this Letter to the 
Parisians, and, to the French Nation : 

I am the Author ; I am the Writer. 

" Le Due de Bridgewater/ 3 (states the iC Precis HLsio- 



( H ) 

" rique"), li run des plus riches proprietaires de V Angle- 
" terre, avcdt a peine atteint Vage de sa majorite, lorsque 
i( vers Van 1758, il Concut le Projet drouvrir a des ipines de 
l< charbon, quil possedait a plusieurs milles de Manchester, 
" un debouche qui leur avait manque jusqu'alors.'" 

The Fact is, That His Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of 
Bridgewater, did, Not, Originally, Conceive the Project : Well 
He knew, indeed, the Difference of Value between Land-Sale, 
and, Water-Sale, Collieries: but, the Project had, Always, 
been in idea, even in the Time of William of (32) Worsley : His 
Grace, Only, Continued the Project, which was Originally 
Struck out ; for, His Father, Scroop Egerton, Duke of Bridge- 
water, who died in the year 1 744-5, brought the means of 
giving effect to That, which, Heretofore, had been in idea, 
Only; 

Inasmuch as, in the year 1732, 10th of Geo: II, His Grace 
obtained u An Act for making a Navigable Canal from Worsley 
" to Manchester." 

But, as That Act did not give Sufficient Powers, Francis 
Egerton, Now, becoming Duke of Bridgewater, and, inhe- 
riting, as w r ell the Title, as also, the Vast Estates of Our Fa- 
mily, applied to Parliament, shortly after He came of age, 
for a New Act, which was his First Act : By That, He ac- 
quired More ; and, in fact, All Necessary Powers ; 

And, Thus, He was enabled to Conduct a Navigable Canal 
From Worsley Mills, to Castle-Field, Manchester. 

This First Canal became the Occasion, Not of Projects 
Only, but, of Further Effectual Continuation of the Canal, 
which, Afterwards, was made to effect a junction with the 
Grand Trunk; with the Tideway of the Mersey at Runcorn; 
and, Lastly, with Legh, in order to join another Navigation 
which proceeds Northward : 

But, These Various Continuations were made by means of 
Powers obtained under Several Future Acts of Parliament: 

(3a) William Egerton. 



( *5 ) 
And, the Rochdale Canal, which, Subsequently, locked 
Down at Manchester, by One Lock, into the late Duke of 
Bridgewater's Canal, was effectuated by its Peculiar Act, or, 
Acts, of Parliament. 

" II imagina pour cela" (continues the "Precis Historique") 
" de rendre Navi gables les Rigoles, oil sont recues les eaux 
" d'epuisement de ces Mines' 3 

Thus is the Fact: 

His Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, 
found Sufficient means of supplying His Navigable Canal in 
Open Air, by Various Feeders, throughout its Whole Length : 
And, surely it would, be superfluous to remark, that Water 
Coming to Other Water, must swell up, in its entire surface, 
to the Level which the Addition occasions : 

Hence, was supplied the Canal, in its varied directions, 
from Worsley : or, South-Eastward, to Longford ; or, from 
thence, to Castle-Field, Manchester; or, from that Place, 
Westward, to Preston ; or, from Preston, North-Westward, 
to Runcorn; or, afterwards, from below W T orsley, Westward, 
to near Legh (33). 

(33) This Latter Prolongation, or, Further Continuation, of the 
Navigable Canal, to Pennington, or, Pittington, near Legh, was 
a Subsequent, Not, an Original, Project : 

It was occasioned by a wise foresight, in turning to advantage 
Future circumstances, which Happened to present Themselves, 
upon making the Canal afore-mentioned, in order to effect, with 
It, a communication. 

This Latter Prolongation, This further Continuation, This New 
Cut, with its accompanying Towing-Path, which, Now, was to he 
made in pursuance of Powers given by the Fifth Act, went from the 
Navigable Canal, which, already, many years ago, had been made 
by Powers Given under the First Act : 

The New Cut passed out of That Navigable Canal, much below 
Worsley House, and, some little way, to the South Eastward of 
W T orsley Mills : It was carried, in its First setting out, along the 



(26) 

Hence, too, of Course, was furnished with. Water, the Ba- 
son, the Graving, and, All Other Docks, Either, at Worsley; 
or, at Runcorn ; and, Also, the Whole Navigable Canal. 

So Little was the late Duke of Bridgewater, even under the 
expediency, of excogitating endeavours to render his Canal 
Navigable, by means of Water which issued from " te'puzse- 
nient de ses Mines? Such care had He taken to supply his 
Navigable Canal by means of Various Feeders in Open Air, 

Northern edge of Chat-Moss : certainly, not upon the Level of the 
Moss; but, upon That of the Navigable Canal : 

As, however, the Line projected for this New Cut, was set out, 
Here, and There, in its passage, along the Northern side of Chat- 
Moss, over Moss Ground ; or, m cutting, came down to Peat : 
Such parts, which it is to be well observed had previously been 
" weighted", were not tC cut down" to the very depth They were, 
At Length, to bear, for rendering the Canal Navigable : but, only, 
ci a few Grafts deep," until the Moss was laid bare ; or, Sometimes, 
it was " cut into". 

The Line, or New Cut, over Moss ground, was suffered to 
remain, some Months, to settle : a Little Water was turned into 
it : and, Thus, it remained 'til the Moss, spumed, and threw up : 
(I will not use our Very Terms :) Then, the Cut was cleared : Then, 
deepened : Then, filled with water : and, Then, It became Navigable* 
On the South side of the Canal had previously been planted 
Alders, various aquatick Trees, and some Others, which, at the 
End of Three years were cut down to the Ground, and which 
sprouting out, again, into augmented additional shoots, in More, 
or, Less, time, supplied Poles for the Dyers, at Manchester. 

Possibly, it may be conceived that I have to make Many Excuses, 
for dilating upon Several Circumstances, too particularly, too mi- 
nutely : In that case, I request my reader to accept Them : but, 
at the same time, may I hope that He will be so good as to extend 
some little favour to me, in regard to my Intention, which is No 
Other than to exert my feeble endeavours in attempting to be of 
Pieal, Public Utility, by shewing forth to Such as may be occupied 
with Inland Navigation, What Means the late Duke of Bridgewater 
employed in working some Parts of His Navigable Canal ? 



( *7 ) 
throughout its Whole Length; That, when, as frequently 
it happened, the Workmen, in driving the Tunnel, or, in 
winning of Goal, broke into a Vein, and, thereby, occasioned 
a Flush, He found Himself, Already, Master of such Redun- 
dancy. 

" Water" used commonly to say the late Duke of Bridge- 
water, " is the best of Friends ; but, the worst of Enemies.''' 

He commanded, at Will, any disordinate superabundancy of 
Water : and, such complete Mastery had He obtained, That, 
He constrained (34) part of this Water to serve the purposes 
for which He chose to design it ; often, He willed to make it 
officiate, in spring times especially, to the Irrigation (35) of 
Meadows. 

This Water, of course, was not Ordered to fall into the Sub- 
terraneous Canal: 

(34) I should have liked to detail the Process, which the late. 
Duke put in use: It was well imagined, adequately contrived; 
and, It succeeded perfectly : 

But the Limits of this Letter, already perhaps of too much 
length, will not admit of my so doing: 

The above-mentioned Process would require a separate, and par- 
ticular, explanation : nor is it immediately relevant to my subject : 

Sufficient may it be, here, to observe, that Part of this Water, 
coming from " Vepuisement des Mines," was not allowed to fall into 
the Subterraneous Canal ; and, did, Not, issue out of the Mouth of 
the Tunnel. 

(35) A Particular Disquisition upon Irrigating Land, does not 
essentially attach to the subject of Inland Navigation: 

Besides, such Disquisition would much exceed the Limits I have 
allotted to this Letter; 

Moreover, it would require Explanatory Plates, the Designing, 
and Engraving of Which, would occupy some Interval of Time : 

And, moreover still, Irrigation, though, in many Instances, it is 
occasioned by Inland Navigation, and acquires great facilities tliere- 
rom, may be effected, where It does not exist ; as, almost through- 
out Lombardy, and, in those parts of Spain, especially, which were 
occupied by the Moors. 



( f»i 

Nor, did It issue out of the Mouth of the Tunnel. 

The Quantum 'of Water given, Yearly, by a Feeder in open 
air, may well he calculated : hut the Quantum of Water fur- 
nished by Goal Mines, in working, on Two Levels, of vary- 
ing Length, upon the extended surface of many miles, 
under Ground, is more uncertain, and, more irregular. 

Never, did the late Duke of Bridgewater imagine, or, 
conceive, That the Let-looses from the Mines, issuing out 
of the Mouth of the Great Tunnel, at Worsley, could sup- 
ply Water to render His Canal Navigable ; or, serve Any, but 
The Purposes hereafter stated: Never, did His Grace Not 
only harbour such an idea; but, Never, was it in his 
Contemplation: Never, did even Fancy float it into his 
Imagina tion. He Proved, Practically, That He had, Not, such 
a Project : He Proved, Practically, That, on the contrary, 
His Opinion was directly the Reverse : for, He was aware 
that the Let-Looses from the Upper Mines could Not supply 
a sufficiency of Water, even to the Upper Level; and, there- 
fore, He made Three Reservoirs (36) upon Walkden-Moor, to 
supply the Upper Levels, whenever it had a deficiency of 
Water: full well He knew that the Upper Level would, 
otherwise, have been subject, Often, to a deficiency of VValer, 
though It had this circumstance in its favour, that It was so 
much Under Ground, as, in following the outward Line, 
or Profile, of Earth, to vary from thirty-eight to sixty-one 
yards Below the Exterior Surface of the Ground Above it ; 
and, consequently, the Water it contained was Not subject to 
as much Evaporation, etc. as the Canal, in Open Air. 

The Threads, Spirtings, Drippings, or, Oozings, of Wa- 
ter, which issued from driving the Tunnel, or from 
working the Coal Mines, either of the Upper, or, of the 



(36) Les Eaux qui alimentent le Bief superieur, et qui remplace- 
rent cclles qui se perdent par lesEcluses da Plan Incline, provien- 
nent des filets, ou sources, qui suintent des filons en exploitant le 
Charbon de Terre, ainsi one de Trois Reservoirs. 



( 29 ) 
Lower, Level, were made to ran as readily as might be, into 
the Water of Either Level; and, Thus, to mix with it: and, 
then, now becoming upon its Level,' to lose Themselves : 

To have accumulated this Water into united streams, would 
have occasioned disadvantage ; It would have given it a 
Force, which, Otherwise, it could not have : It was to be a 
Servant ; Not, a Master : The more readily It was made to 
run, in divided Parts, into the Canal, so much the Better : 
Divide, et Impera : 

And, Thus, the Whole Interior of the Subterraneous Canal, 
Throughout, was Always, wet: It often contained, upon the 
Upper extremity, or Top, of the Tunnelled Arch (87), Air, 
which easily could be made to light upon approaching a Can- 
dle; though Every Precaution had been taken, by driving- 
Shafts to the exterior air, Above ground, to cause as much 
circulation of atmospheric air, as possible: 

Or, to have conducted Water, now, Let-Loose, into "Ri- 
" goles," would Not Only have occasioned expence ; but 
withal, an expence which would have been useless : and, 
Not Only would it Not have been beneficial ; but, it would 
have done harm, in many various regards : 

And, moreover, it must have injured, or, brought Weakness 
to the Strength, and, Compactness, of the Tunnelling; the 
Very mode of working Which, opposed such an endeavour. 

All Mine Water, such excepted as was not subjected to 
the Process I have alluded to in note 34, made its way as rea- 
dily as might be, into the Upper, or Lower, Level : " Filons," 
too, dribbled, Here, and, .There, through the Joints of Rock, 
and Other Metals (38) : of necessity All Water must have 

(37) The Tunnel where it was driven Through Metals, was made 
by Arch tSrick, Three Deep: Where it passed Through Rock, it 
required No Tunnel of Brick : The Rock itself was creuse en en- 
ton noir par les explosions de Pouclre a Canon, et, ensuite, ragree 
avec des Coins de fi,r, et des Marteaux. 

(38) I use Miners' Terms; and, throughout this Letter, various 



(3o) 
gravitated to That which was upon a Level Lower than itself; 
and, the Comparatively Small quantity of Water Thus supplied, 
was made to become of use, was preserved, indeed ; for, in a 
Navigable Canal, every Drop of Water is to be sedulously 
Husbanded, and, not to be suffered to run to Waste : but, 
it, Never, was conceited, that Let-Looses would be rendered 
Navigable any further than as They Contributed to add their 
Mite to the Sum of Water, which, Already, was supplied to 
Feed the Canal : 

Thus said the Old Woman, when she made Water into the 
Sea, " Every Little Helps'" : 

And, They came in aid; but it was in petty aid, indeed : 
Besides, at the Time when the late Duke of Bridgewater be- 
gan his Navigable Canal, He possessed only Such Coal Mines as 
belonged, Properly, to the Entailed Estates, round Worsley 
House; for instance, "the Old Doe" etc.: 

And They, of course, could furnish Much Less Water, than, 
was, Afterwards, procured by Ulterior Purchases of Additional 
Coal-Mines ; 

For, the Additional Coal Mines, which run under the high 
ground between Worsley, Bolton, and, Bury, His Grace Him- 
self purchased, Subsequently, to the beginning of his Canal; 
and, in the Course of Working His Hereditary Coal Mines : 

Each, as well the Hereditary, as the Purchased, Coal Mines, 
are worked upon Two Levels, a Higher, and, a Lower, as They 
proceed to various Coal-Mines, in their several directions : 

They complete Eighteen miles, at least, of Subterraneous 
Navigable Canal, measured, in their different lines, from the 
mouth of the Tunnel at Worsley: 

The Upper Level is Thirty Five Yards and a Half of Per- 
pendicular Height Above the Lower; and, from Thirty-Eight 
to Sixty-One yards Below the surface of the Exterior Ground; 

Technical Phrases, and, Colloquial Expressions. (See note p. 53.) 
Moreover,, I am under the necessity of repeating, Often, the very 
same words. 



( 3i ) 

The Lower, is upon a Level with the Canal in Open Air : 

The Two Levels, (the Upper, and, the Lower, ) are, now, 
joined by an Inclined Plane, which was commenced in Sep- 
tember, 1795, and, finished in October, 1797, long after 
Mr. Brindley's Time. 

I have thought it well to make This Statement, because, in 
my poor, and, humble Opinion, it may, haply, become ma- 
terial, and, important ; 

For$ if any One Individual of the French Nation is led to 
suppose, under the Authority of His Grace, Francis Egerton, 
late Duke of Bridgewater, That a Canal may, Surely, be ren- 
dered Navigable, by means of Water, which is supplied by 
" les eaux d epuisement des Mines de Charbon de Terre" He 
will find that He lias made an egregious mistake: 

Such " Cuts" Must want Water. 

Moreover, Would not Such a Canal cease to be rendered 
Navigable, if orders were issued, no longer to drive a Tun- 
nel, no longer to win Coals, and entirely, or even tempora- 
rily, to shut up the Coal-Mines ? 

Moreover still, is Selling Coals the Main Object of a Navi- 
gable Canal? 

Is Tonnage a Secondary Consideration? 

"Les charbons exploites (continues this u Precis Histori- 
u que ,}S ) " circulent en tout sens dans ces canaux souterrains 
iC sur des Caisses Flottantes, de Quinze, ou, Seize Metres de 
" long, et d'Un Metre et demi de largeur." 

The fact is, That the " Caisses Flottantes ?" are, Really, 
Truly, and, Absolutely, Boats: They are constructed with 
Plank, Knees, Tree-Nails, and, in some of their parls per- 
haps, with Nails: They are made by the Boat-Wrights ; and 
Not put together by such as are, merely, Carpenters : They 
are loaded with, more, or, less Coal; and, of course, draw 
different depths of Water ; of different lengths are They; of 
different breadths ; of different sizes ; of different dimensions: 
The largest are called T. Boats. 



( 3 2 ) 

" lis arrivenf (continues this " Precis Historique") i£ en 
" sortant de la Mine, dans un Bassin, oil se reunissent toutes 
<c ces Rigoles, et qui est destine lui-meme a entretenir le Canal 
(C a Ciel Ouvert, sur lequel ce combustible est amene a Man- 
C( Chester." 

The Fact is, That the Boats above-specified, upon coming 
out of the Mouth of the Subterraneous Tunnel, do, Not, ar- 
rive upon the Great Bason, at Worsley : They come into a 
Cut, (39) in Open Air, which leads Only to that Bason;, and, 
Thus, these Boats go to the Coal Wharf at Worsley; or, per- 
haps, to whatever Other Place may be That of their destina- 
tion ; For to "Tranship," the Coals, or, to "Hag" the 
Boats Load, Not only occasions some Expence; but, more- 
over, it often breaks the large pieces of Coal, into small bits : 

And, the comparatively Small Supply of Water Which falls 
into the Lower Level, mixing with the Water, which is, 
Already, in the Lower Level, Under-Ground, and, with 
That, also, which is, Already, in the Canal in Open Air, sup- 
plied, verily, by Feeders, and, not only by "Let-Looses," 
swells up to the Level of the Canal. 

Is even Worsley Brook conducted into the Tunnel? 

Would It prove inconvenient ? 

Would It, frequently, render the " Winning" of Coal, im- 
practicable ? 

What Engineer has Not heard of Draining Coal Mines? 

What Engineer has, JEver, heard of Flooding thern, Pur- 
posely ? 

No Mine water whatever " est destinee a entretenir le Canal" 1 
either, to Manchester, or, to Any Other site whatever : 

The Canal, I repeat the Fact, is rendered Navigable by a 
Supply of Water, from Various Feeders, along its Whole 

(39) This Cut elbows North-Eastward, to a stopping-place, in 
order to afford a space for stowing such Empty Boats as wait to go 
up the Tunnel ; by which, is left Room for the passing of Loaded 
Boats, to the Bason, or, to the Coal Wharf. 



(33 ) 
Course, in Open Air, either to Manchester, Preston Brook, 
Runcorn, or, Elsewhere ; and Not, Only, by the ik Let-Looses" 
from the Coal-Mines, within the Subterraneous Tunnel; 

And, So it is, consequently., to near Legh; a Further Conti- 
nuation of the Navigable Canal, which has been made, Lately, 
some few Years ago, long since Mr. Brindley's time, in 
order to Communicate with Another Navigable Canal, which 
runs Northward. 

ci Cetait deja line grande amelioration*'' (continues this 
"Precis fflstortque") " que d'etre ainsi parvenu a /aire 
ee baisser le prir, d y une matiere aussi precieuse , dans une 
" / Me , oil d'innombrables manufactures en font une pro- 
" digieuse consommation : mais les travaux ne se bornerent 
"pas Ihr 

A considerable Reduction in the Price of Coals was occa- 
sioned by Their becoming Water-Borne, from the Mines, at 
Worsley, to the Wharf at Castle-Field, Manchester : 

But, it must be understood, That the Expence of Cartage, 
from the Wharf, to various Parts of Manchester, was Not af- 
fected by the Coals becoming W T ater- Borne from Worsley; 
for, When They were in Cartage, They became Land-borne^ 
and, now, no Longer, Water-Borne : 

As, for instance, if Coals were Water-borne to near the 
" Ecole-Militaire" a certain expence would be incurred by 
Carting Them, to the " Barriere Blanche "; to the " Fau- 
bourg St. Antoine^ ; and, to the Various Manufactories, etc* 
etc. etc., at Paris. 

Manchester, and, Salford, form One Town; as may he 
considered to do, London, and, Westminster. 

The Town of Manchester covers much ground : Its Popu- 
lation amounts to, at least, Fifty Thousand Inhabitants; in 
which number, are Many Several Manufacturers, Who con- 
sume a Great Quantity of Coals. 

It may be of Little Importance to state, That Manchester, 
Now, since the System of Inland Navigation is so Generally 



(34) 
Extended through the United Kingdoms, is supplied with 
Coal, Waier-Borne, to Sundry parts of its circumference: 

But, I beg leave to Notice One Fact ; 

Because, it was a Provision that the French may think to be 
Worthy of their Consideration : 

Frequently it happened, That there was Not a Sufficient 
quantity of Coals from Worsley, upon the Wharf at Castle- 
Field, Manchester, to supply the Manufacturers at Manchester: 
and, Whenever a Deficiency was observed to Begin, His 
Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, had given 
General Orders to Mr. Woolley, which, at All Times, this 
Gentleman punctually obeyed, That a Stop, should be put to All 
further selling of Coals, to Such as sent Carts, Waggons, and, 
Horses ; but, That, a very adequate Provision should be Reser- 
ved for Such as came with Wheel-barrows, Baskets, Aprons, 
etc., and took away such Small Quantities, Only, as could be 
carried by hand" : 

" The Rich were sent empty away? 

iC consommation : mais les travaux ne se bornerent 

il pas la, (says the Precis Historique"). 

Upon the Real occasion of this Statement, and, How, and, 
Why, it happened, That " les Travaux ne se bornerent pas la,* 
I shall remark in the observations I am going to make upon 
the subsequent extract : 

" U exploitation des Mines s'etant accrue ( continues thii 
(< Precis Ristorique"') ci par lafacilite d'en transporter les pro- 
tl duits, le Due de Bridgewater entreprit, pour en etendre en- 
<f core T exportation, d'ouvrir, depuis Manchester jusqu'a la 
fl Mer d'Irlande, un Nouveau Canal P arallelement a la Ri 
(t viere de Mersey." 

His Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, did 
Not undertake a Navigable Canah from Worsley, to Manches- 
ter, for the purpose, Solely, and, Only, of sending Coals 
from Worsley Mines to Manchester: 



(35) 

He had in view, Also, the Traffic, which must, Necessarily, 
go along this Water Road, and, the Tonnage which, conse- 
quently, It must pay : 

So Too had, His Grace, Scroop Egerton, Duke of Bridge- 
Water, his Father, Who, in the tenth of George the Second, 
Originally, obtained " An Act for making a 'Navigable Canal 
"from Worsley to Manchester." 

The Very Title shews forth, That It was an Act for making 
a Navigable Canal, from Worsley, to Manchester : 

It was, Not, an Act for making a Navigable Canal to Carry 
Coals, from Worsley, to Manchester. 

And, The Acts Themselves prove, in the Body of Each, That 
Special Provisions were Actually made, with reference to 
Tonnage : 

With regard to Tonnage, specially, Clauses are inserted; 
Provisions are made ; Powers are given ; in Each Act. 

Clauses, Provisions, and Powers, in relation to Tonnage, 
are Enacted by Parliament in the Act obtained by His Grace, 
Scroop Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater: 

They are, Again, Enacted, but, with Greater, and, More 
Powers, in the Subsequent Act, obtained by His Grace, Francis 
Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater. 

His Grace did, Not, make a Navigable Canal from Worsley 
to Manchester, for the purpose, solely, merely, and, exclu- 
sively, of Carrying Coals from Worsley, to Manchester: 

He used to say indeed, colloquially, that " a Navigation 
" should have Coals at the Heels of it? (40) 

But, He, Extended, or, Continued, Afterwards, His Navi- 
gable Canal, 

Not, " pour transporter le produit de V exploitation de ses 
Mines " 

Not, " pour en etendre encore V exportation, " 

(40) This Colloquial Saying of the late Duke of Bridgewater, 
indicates that He did Not consider Coals as the Main Body of aNa* 
vigable Canal. 



(•36) 

Not, for the pettv motive of selling Goals: 
. Could the Coal Mines at Worsley, supply, even, Man- 
chester? I think I never saw Any Provision of Coals at 
Runcorn! But, from the Great, Commercial, Productive, 

Beneficial, Consideration of Tonnage. 

And, a Water Communication, by means of Inland Naviga- 
tion, bringing an Immense Profit through Tonnage, is formed 
between the Ports of, London, Liverpool, Bristol, and, 
Hulk 

With a View of Tonnage, Chiefly, and, Principally, I had 
Almost said, Only, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridge- 
water, Extended, or, Continued, His Navigable Canal : 

Already, His Grace, had carried it, South-Easteriy, from 
Worsley-Mills, over the River Irwell, to near Longford; 
then, Eastwardly, to the Flats; and, from thence, still East- 
war dly, to Castle-Field, Manchester (41): 

In pursuance of the Powers given Him by His Second 
Act, proceeding along the line' of His Navigable Canal, 
which, Already, was made from Castle-Field to the Flats, and 
Longford ; He extended it, Westwardly, in passing to the 
North of Longford-Bridge, (at which Place, a few miles only 
from Manchester, there is a Very Small Coal-Wharf, ) by Dun- 
ham-Massey, a Seat of the Earl of Stamford and Warring- 
ton ; by Lymn (4a) ; and so forth, to near Preston : 

(41) At Manchester It, now, subsequently, joins the Rochdale 
Canal, Which locks Down into it, by One Lock. 

(42) Near this Place, the Line of the late Duke of Bridgewater's 
Navigable Canal was Projected to pass Through a Little Bit of 
Garden belonging to a Poor Man's Cottage. 

Not even the Omnipotence of Pai'iiament could make Any Enacts 
inent, Other than That of Further Protection, regarding the 
Garden of the Poor Man : 

He remained at Liberty, to dispose, or, Not to dispose., of his 
Property, as He pleased : 

The Full, Entire, and, Perfect, Right was in Him; and in 
Him, Solely. 



(3?) 

To the South-West of Preston, It is joined by the " Grand 
"• Trunk," which, on the Other Side of Preston, passes 
Through the Tunnel of Hare-Castle : 

The " Grand Trunk " at its Lowest Lock between Middle- 
wich, and, Preston-Brook, Locks Down to be upon a Level 
with the late Duke of Bridgewater's Canal : 

By which, is occasioned that there are, Now, Seventy Miles 
of Navigable Canal, upon the Same Level, without One Lock, 
Eighty Two Feet Above Low Water Mark. 

From Preston, in a Western direction, in pursuance of 
Powers granted by a subsequent Act, the late Duke of Bridge- 
water's Navigable Canal proceeds, by the Seat of Sir Richard 
Brooke, to Runcorn ; 

At which place, It Locks Down, by Nine Locks, I think, 
into the great Bason at Runcorn; 

So Sacred is the Property of Every One., in My Country: 

Such is Our Law: 

And, consonant to Law, are the Resolutions of the House of 
Commons, respecting Highways, and Canals, inasmuch as They 
regard Houses, Gardens, Parks, etc. 

Such, too, are the Resolutions respecting, "assents", "dissents", 
and, "neuters :" 

The Poor man, of course, was left to make his own Bargain, as 
advantageously as He might, with the late Duke of Bridgewater, 
who, that he might continue his Canal, purchased, the Poor Man's 
Garden ; and gave Him Thirty Guineas, ( about Eight Hundred 
Francs, ) for One Pear Tree, which grew upon the Line Projected : 

And, Thus, by Free Consentment, Mutual Compact, Legal 
Purchase, Consideration Had, and Expressed in the Deed, the 
poor man agreed to permit, THE MOST HIGH, MOST PUIS- 
SANT, MOST NOBLE, MOST ILLUSTRIOUS, PRINCE, HIS 
GRACE, FRANCIS EGERTON, LATE DUKE OF BRIDGE- 
WATER, ETC. ETC. ETC. to cut through That Garden, the 
Property of the poor man. 

He was not • 



(38) 

So, into the Tide-way of the River Mersey, in its Course 
to the Port of Liverpool : 

And, Thus, from the Bason, at Runcorn, the Various Mer- 
chandise, Perishable Goods, Unperishable, or, Bulk, is 
forwarded by Flats (43) to the Duke's Dock, (44) at Liver- 
pool. 

Upon the above Extract, I have Further to remark, if the 
Observation may not be deemed captious (4 5), That the late 
Duke of Bridge water's Canal does Not run Parallel to the River 
Mersey : 

" Parallelement" under a certain mode of construction, 
It may be said to proceed, inasmuch as the River Mersey comes 
from Manchester, through Runcorn-Gap ; Thence, by Run- 
corn, to Liverpool : 

And, Throughout, from Manchester, to Liverpool, flows 
in a winding course, with various sinuosities (46)? as, Always, 
do Rivers, and, Brooks : 

But, This Observation cannot appear Captious to AnyPer- 

(43) By Each, and, Every, Tide, used to be sent out of the 
Lowest Lock at Runcorn, from Twelve, to Forty Three, Flats : 
The Burden of Each is from Thirty Five, to Sixty, Tons; and, 
Each Flat, with its Sails, and. Rigging, costs Nine Hundred, or, a 
Thousand, Pounds Sterling. 

(44) The Land on which the Warehouses are built, the Dock 
made, etc., was purchased by the late Duke of Bridgewater: Its 
Measurement is about One Acre, not Two; for which the Duke 
paid Forty Thousand Pounds Sterling (nearly One Million of 
Francs.) 

(45) I wish to make no captious remark on Any One: My 
Sole Intention in this Letter to the Parisians, and, to the French 
Nation, is to advance the purpose, I have above-mentioned. 

(46) When I was at Bayonne, I went down the " Adour^ from 
Bayonne to near the " embouchure" of that River into the Sea: 
I was accompanied by some Engineers; and, I had All necessary 
Charts, with Soundings of the River, and, Plans of the Adjacent 
Country : 



son Who is acquainted with the "Carte du Pays" and, with 
the Two Differing Navigations: 

The One, by the River Mersey; 

And, the Other, by the late Duke of Bridgewater's Navi- 
gable Canal : 

On the contrary, It ought to be considered as very mate- 
rial, and, important. 

The Tide of the River Mersey does Not come up to 
Manchester: 

The Navigation by the River Mersey must be Perpetrated, 
by Sails, requiring Different, Contrary, and, almost Opposite 
Winds ; by Oars ; and, by, here and there, a (47) Towing-Path, 
along Which, a winding a Toilsome march" (48 ), proceed, to 
drag the Vessel, against the Current, Many Horses, Some Dri- 
vers (49), at a considerable Expence of Tackle, and, Ropes : 



Every circumstance I sedulously examined, with attention, 
leisure, and, (l a tete reposefe :" 

To my humble Opinion it seemed, That a Costly Error had 
been committed, in forcing the bending Course of that River, out 
of its natural sinuosities, at a vast expence of Masonry; and^ That 
Much had been constructed, Unnecessarily, with Hewen stone, 
which Equally Well might have been done by " Bur-walls:" 

(47) Not an accompanying T owing-Path', for It, frequently is 
at varied distances from the Stream. 

(48) Gray' 

(49) Up, the Navigation by the River Mersey, are, Always, useo 
Horses, and, Men : 

Up, or down, the Navigable Canal, Often, Mules, and, Boys. 

One Mule, accompanied by One Little Boy, will draw, along the 
Still Water of the Navigable Canal, a Twenty Ton Boat, usually 
loaded with about Eighteen Tons, at the Rate of nearly Three 
Miles per Hour: Two Mules will draw a Flat, loaded as it arrived 
from the Tide-way, at the same average of Time. 

Besides, Ropes of Little circumference are required ; moderately- 
strong ; short; direct : a Pole sometimes serving as a Mast: 

And, Little Tackle. 



The Navigation, by the River Mersey, is Long, and, Te- 
dious, at All Times : Frequently, it is totally precluded, when 
that River has Not a Sufficient Depth of Water ; and, Often, 
it has Too Much : 

Moreover, That Navigation is, incidentally, expensive to the 
Proprietors; inasmuch as it, Often, requires Locks, Which 
cost Them money, as well in their First Construction, as in 
their Repair ; and, Which to the Boatmen, occasion Delay : 

; Whereas, the late Duke of Bridgewater 's Navigable Canal, 
with its Accompanying Towing-Path, va sano, easily, safely, 
progressively, surely, equally, regularly, certainly, by given 
times, in nearly straight lines, from Worsley to the Flats, 
and, then to Castle-Field, Manchester ; from Manchester to 
Preston; and, from Preston to Runcorn, where, Only, are 
Any Locks. 

In concluding, it may not be inexpedient to observe that 
His Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, might 
have purchased the Navigation of the River Mersey from the 
Tide- Way above Runcorn-Gap, to Manchester, for so Small 
a sum as Thirteen Thousand Pounds Sterling. 

It was commonly supposed in the Country, that the late 
Duke of Bridgewater had committed an important fault and 
over-sight, in Not making this purchase ; whereby, He might 
have Forced All Traffic to his Own Navigable Canal, Shut 
up the River Mersey, and Precluded All Concurrence: 

But the late Duke of Bridgewater had Many, and Very Good 
Reasons for Not even Wishing to obtain this Monopoly : (5o) 

(5o) The late Duke of Bridgewater was Averse to All Monopoly: 
Well was He aware What the Nation thought of Monopolies : 
Besides, He, probably, knew What had been done, in Parliament, 
with regard to Monopolies, in the Best times of our Ancient History; 
either, under Edward the Third, or, in the Reign of Queen Eliza- 
beth: 

To an Address ( 43 Eliz^) of the House of Commons, That 
Queen eplied 



(** ) 

*The Right of Navigation, subsequently, was bought by & 
Company: and, Now, is worked advantageously, but, not re- 
gularly; as the River Mersey wants Water, at Dry Times ; 
and, has a great deal Too Much, in Those of Flood. 

These are some of the Incorrectnesses I have observed in 
the above-mentioned ' l Precis Historique" 

Others, there are; but, I, Now, have not leisure to re^ 
mark upon Them : 

I shall reserve Them for a future opportunity, when I may 
have more leisure, if I shall see occasion : 

At All Events, I am inclined to think, that, by Stating Them* 

I have fulfilled, if not a Positive Duty, in attempting: a De- 
fence of the Public Character of the late Duke of Bridge- 
Water, That, at least, which becomes me : 

" Fats ce que dots, advienne que pourra" (5t). 
- ■ » 

a Iliad rather my heart, or hand, should perish, than that either 
a my heart, or hand, should allow such privileges to Monopolists^ 

II as may be prejudicial to my People : 

u The splendour of Regal Majesty hath not So blinded mine eyes, 
" that Licentious Power should prevail with me, more than Justice : 

" The Glory of the name of King may deceive Princes, that know- 
" not How to rule : But, I am None of those Princes : For, I knout 
"• that the Commonwealth is to be governed for the Good, and, Ad± 
" vantage, of Those that are Committed to me; not of myself] to 
11 whom it is Entrusted : and. That an account is, one day, to be 
" given before Another Judgment-Seat."" 

Besides, too, Every Historian, Every Writer, in All Countries^ 
■who, either, professedly, have treated of Monopoly, or, who, col* 
laterally, have alluded to it, or, who, cursorily, have touched 
upon it, have expressed a decided opinion even against the Very 
Principle : 

And, the French Reader, if He should wish for Yet Still More* 
than Foreign Authority, may advert to His Own Montesquieu; and 
Ponder what Montesquieu has said upon this SubjecT 1 , in various 
parts of his i( - Esprit des Lois" 

(5i) The French are well acquainted with This Motto: It it 
That of the Great, and, Ancient, Family of " D'Escars.'* 



( 4» ) 

They are Observations upon Publications, printed at Paris ; 
and, as Such, They are likely to come under the Notice of 
the French: yet, as Such, only; and, solely with the views 
above stated, I have ventured, in the First Part of This 
Letter, to animadvert upon Them. 

In the Second Part, which, Also, I shall presume to address 
to the Parisians, and to the French Nation, I shall beg leave 
to observe upon Other Publications. 

I have the honour to be, etc. 

FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON. 



Jlotel Egerton, Paris, 
11*}. December, 1818. 



DE L'IMPRIMEIIIE DE P. DIDOT L'AINE, 

CHEVALIER DE l'oRDUE BOYAL DE SAINT-MICHEL , 

IMPRIMEUR DU HOI. 



THE SECOND PART OF 

A LETTER, 

TO THE PARISIANS, 
AND, THE FRENCH NATION, 

UPON INLAND NAVIGATION, 

CONTAINING A DEFENCE OF THE PUBLIC CHAEACTER 
OF HIS GRACE 

FRANCIS EGERTON, 

LATE DUKE OF BRIDGEWATER , 

etc. etc. etc. 

BY 
THE HONOURABLE 

FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON, 

etc. etc. etc. 
And, including some NOTICES, and, ANECDOTES, 

CONCERNING 

MR. JAMES BRINDLEY. 



(45) 



IN the First Part of this Letter, which, I have presumed to 
address to the Parisians, and the French Nation, I have ad- 
verted to Certain Publications which have been printed, at 
Paris : 

And, Now, in the Second Part, which, I ask permission, 
to address, likewise, I shall, further, beg leave to make some 
Additional Observations upon Other Publications, which have 
been printed in my Own Country : 

For, I disapprove Them, in Many Points of View ; but, in 
This, especially, that I do not recognize the Authenticity 
of Several of the Facts, of Many of the Opinions, of Most 
of the Motives, which They ascribe to the late Duke of 
Bridgewater. 

The Name of Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, 
is, Certainly, One of Great Authority with regard to Inland 
Navigation, by means of Navigable Canals: 

But, His Real Opinions, when brought before the Public; 
and, Thus, submitted to Such as may be induced to Act upon 
them, should be stated Correctly ; for, " onde falleceni as 
"verdades, prevalecem os Engannos (5a):" 

And, They who introduce His Name, would do well, pre- 
viously to have ascertained that The Facts, Opinions, and, Mo- 
tives, They are pleased to attribute, and, to impute to Him, 
were, Verily, Such as His Grace both Did, and, Had: 

On the contrary, I know, That, Some of the Facts, Seve- 
ral of the Opinions, and, Many of the Motives, which the 
late Duke of Bridgewater, is Said to have done, and to have 
had, are stated Very Incorrectly : 

(5a) A saying in use in Portugal, and with Portuguese writers. 



(46) 

I know, That, He entertained, Not, Such Opinions; but, 
often, Those which were diametrically opposite, or, directly, 
and, absolutely, the reverse : 

I know, That, He was, Not, actuated by Such Motives. 

At Present, I have not leisure, (53) perhaps I may want 
inclination, to observe upon All these Publications: 

I shall select One, and, One Only, Dr. Rees's New En- 
cyclopedia : 

Not alone, because, That is the most Costly (54) Work in 
which are treated of " Canals ;" But, also, because I find, in 
that Plain, a Covey of inaccuracies, which, when put up, and, 
now on the wing, flit against the Public Character of the late 
Duke of Bridgewater Himself, and, against his Works : 

I shall now, therefore, turn to the Left ; beat awhile along 
that Valley ; and, I hope I am not setting out upon " Caca 
de Gantas (55)." 

In That Publication There is a Special Article, " Canals." 

It Happens, That, This Article, " Canals" has been shewn 
to me : and, I think, I trace in it, Facts, Motives, and, 
Opinions, which, I know, the late Duke of Bridgewater 
neither Did, or, Had, or, Entertained. 

To me, perhaps, it may seem, That the late Duke of Bridge- 
water Himself, is spoken of in a peremptory manner, that does 
Not become an Inferior : 

By me, perchance, it maybe surmised, That the late Duke of 
Bridgewater is discoursed upon, in relation to his Works, 
without that Accuracy, which becomes One, who professes to 
teach omne scientibile, whose Province (56), equally, in this 



(53) See page 6, note 8. 

(54) A Voluminous, and, Costly work; the price of which is about 
Two Thousand Francs. 

(55) Whoever has sojourned in Spain will know what it is to 
" chace Gantas. " 

(56) As well set forth by Thucydides in the Prolegomena to His 
History, 2t<>/> : A: «9. K: C. 



C 47 ) 
Point of View, with that of an Historian, is to produce 
".jfc78#« U ett) ". nothing "ftvOvfas," nothing that is not certain. 

fC The Duke of Bridgewater," says This Work, " ac- 
" quainted fully, No Doubt, with, etc.' 7 

ci His Grace profiting, as No Doubt, He did, etc. 7 ' 

I, for ray part, have Doubts, where this Article says there 
exist No Doubts; 

Doubts, too, I have, When T read, That, the late Duke of 
Bridgewater " conceived the idea of a Canal, for the purpose 
" of conveying Coals from his Estate, at Worsley, in Lanca- 
<c shire, to Salford, near, Manchester' 7 

I shall not, at present, comment upon the Many Inaccura- 
cies I find in this Article, "Canals," which would attach 
Themselves to the late Duke of Bridgewater, in eager refe- 
rence to Facts Attributed, to Opinions, and, Motives also, 
Imputed to Him : 

But, I shall confine myself to One, and, to, One Only, Ex- 
tract from the Article " Canals," in the New Encyclopaedia (57) 
edited by Dr. Rees. 

" The Duke of Bridgewater (states this Article " Canals ,") in 
" the year 1800, Caused An Account to be presented to the So- 
" ciety of Arts, in the Adelphi, London, of the Inclined Plane, 
4i which He had Erected, and Brought into Use, under the 
a Direction of his Agent, Mr. Benjamin Sothern, between Two 
-'- Different Levels of his Tunnels, or, Subterraneous Canals, 
" from Worsiey, Near Manchester." (58) 

No further Notice, in this Letter, shall I take, of the conclu- 
ding words of this Extract, Than to remark, That, to me, They 
seem to be by no means clear ; and, That, to Others, perhaps, 
they may convey No adequate, and satisfactory, topographical, 
explanation : 

(5^) Or, as the work bears for Title, Cyclopaedia. 

(58) Should, even, the frolic be made to dance, tant bien 
que mal, of displaying to the Public, didascalick instructions ire 
omne scientibile, yet, The words, " near Manchester" cannot be 



( 48) 

To me, ft might, possibly, appear, That, either, essential 
words are omitted; or, That, unnecessary words are introdu- 
ced ; or, perhaps, an error may have happened in printing : 

But, I shall beg leave to observe upon this " Extract" from 
the Article " Canals" because, it contains Two assertions ; 

Each of Which, I humbly conceive to be incorrect. 

With reference, then, to the First : 

How, would the late Duke of Bridgewater have been asto- 
nished, had He been told, that He had Caused, to be presen- 
ted to the Society of Arts, in the Adelphi, London, An 
Account of his Inclined Plane! 

He CausedW. 

He, Who was averse to parade, free from ostentation, 
and in his public character, truly great : 

I appeal to All who knew Him ! 

Shall Motives be imputed to Him, which might, indeed, 
have actuated Others, who may not think as He did? 

Although He wished to do good to the Public, yet, upon 



inserted to indicate the direction of a Letter, by the Post : 

Or, are They introduced to designate the position of Worsley,, 
about six miles from Manchester ? 

In what County is Worsley ? 

And, Who is the English Engineer that has not heard of Worsley ? 

The Two, that is, the Upper, and, Lower, Levels, or, Subterra- 
neous Canals, although They go, from, near Worsley, are driven. 
Not, in The Direction of Manchester; but, in That, of Bolton, 
Bury, etc. 

The Upper, and, Lower, Levels, of the Subterraneous Navigable 
Tunnels, are joined under Ground, by an Inclined Plane : Thus, 
with continuous junction United Subterraneously, They open, 
by One Mouth, into a diverging cut, which is upon the same 
Level with, and, which makes part of, the Canal, in Open Air; 
And, then, proceed to the great Bason at Worsley: and, so on, 
goes this Navigable Canal, or, by the Edge of Chat-Moss, to near 
Legh; or, along Barton-Bridge, over the River Irwell, to Castle- 
Field, Manchester; or, to Runcorn. 



( 49 ) 
no occasion, did He any thing, merely, to be "Seen of Men." 

He Caused ! ! ! 

He, Who, Not, at Any Time, would suffer to be pro- 
duced (Sg), much less would Cause to be published, (60) the 
Least Plan of his Works, or, of Any Part of Them : 

That, He should Cause to be presented to a Public Society, 
a Plan of his Inclined Plane ! 

That, He should select, preferably to All Other of His Great, 
and, Stupendous, Works, an inferior, a partial, an "ouvrage 
eventuel, " That, of his Inclined Plane, Which, Never was 
considered as an u Objet, qui dut fixer V Attention, par 
." Preference a Tout Autre I" 

And, That He should Cause it to be presented to a Society, 
in London ! 



(59) Such excepted, as He was under ihe necessity, of producing, 
and of lodging, in obedience to the Standing Orders of the House. 

(60) This assertion brings to my remembrance, a circumstance 
which happened in reference to Mr. Carey's History of 
Navigable Canals; 

And, here, I mention it, because it may serve to shew, How 
Little Communicative was the late Duke of Bridgewater, with 
regard to His Canal, and, His Works; 

And, How un-founded is the Motive imputed to Him, or 
the Fact, That He Caused to be presented to the Society of Arts, 
An Account of his Inclined Plane. 

Mr. Carey, by urgent instance, had prevailed upon the late 
Duke of Bridgewater to assent that his New Book should be 
Dedicated to his Grace : 

For, as That Gentleman's New Book bore for Title, " Na- 

" vigable Canals of Great-Britain" and, could Not be dedicated 
to a more Fit Person, than the late Duke of Bridgewater, 
Mr. Carey was anxious that it should come forth to the Public, 
under dedication to His Grace; Who, at length, was prevailed 

upon, though He Never wished, or, much approved, that 
Books should be Dedicated to Him. 

Mr. Carey had obtained to be drawn up, An Account of the 



(5o) 

He Caused III 

He, Who being the Sole Proprietor of his Navigable Canal, 
Never, became under the Obligation of submitting His Projects 
to Any Individual, Whatever j at No Time, Was, Even, 
under the Expediency of imparting Them to Any Company, 
to Any Committee : 

Other Navigable Canals are made, in Joint-Shares, by Com- 
panies, who elect, and delegate, a Committee to conduct Them: 
Such Committee Must communicate with Divers Persons: 

But, the late Duke of Bridgewater's Navigable Canal was 
entirely His Own: He was possessed of the Sole, and, 
Exclusive, Proprietorship ! 

He Causedlll 

He, Who, conceiving his First Act to be out of Print, kept 
Sedulously locked up in his Portefeuille, a Copy of it, which 
He, Rarely, shewed to Any One. 

He Causedlll 



Duke's "Navigation, and, Navigation Acts;" Which, that Gentle- 
man had sent to the late Duke for his perusal, and, consent: 

But, His Grace wished, exceedingly, that This Account should, 
Not, be communicated to the Public : It told Much More than 
He wished to have told. 

The late Duke, at All times, was very anxious that the Public 
should not, inexpediently, be apprized of the Powers which were 
given to Him by his Several Acts : for, He was Sole Proprietor 

of His Navigable Canal ; and, consequently, was Not, as is 
the case with the Other Several Navigations in England, which 
are carried on by Shares, and, Companies, compelled to 

communicate with a Committee : 

And, there was Always some Idea Floating in his mind, That 
His was the Cheapest Navigation in England, (such I believe it is); 

And, That He had a Right by His Acts, to More Tonnage than 
He received ; 

Or, That He might, Ultimately, prefer an application to Parlia- 
ment, for Another Act, or, Acts, to enable Him to raise Mote 
Tonnage s 



/ ( 5i ) 

He, Only, Indulged me in drawing up the Report on the 
Inclined Plane, because it seemed to Him to be a Fancy I had 
taken. 

He CausedXW 

So far was He from Causing lo be drawn up an Account of 
his Inclined Plane, That, it, Never, was his Wish, Never, his 
Desire : 

On the contrary, He would have heard with pleasure, That, 
I no longer intended to give an issue to my Fancy: 

He became a considerable Loser, in accommodating my 
Fancy of drawing up an Account of the Inclined Plane: 

For, All Working of the Inclined Plane was, Necessarily, 
stopped some hours, in preparation for, and, before, my 
arrival ; 

And, besides, during the Time I stayed there, Many 
Miners, Workmen, and u Preposes," waited upon me, in at- 



This Idea had reference to Something relative to his Three 
pence per Ton, along the Whole Navigable Canal, upon Cer- 
tain Sorts of Merchandise. 

The late Duke of Bridgewater, therefore, was desirous that 
The Account, which Mr. Carey had forwarded to Him, should 
Not appear; 

But, the late Duke did not clearly see, What was to be don?, 
in this particular case: 

He was aware that Mr. Carey's Account Must he Replaced by 
Another ; and, it was supposed that This Mode of superseding it, 
by, Thus, preventing the publication, would become more agrea- 
ble to Mr Carey, than the First ; inasmuch as, in lieu of an account 
made by Another, should he given to Him an account of the late 
Duke of Bridgewater' s Canal drawn up, ready for the press, by me : 

The late Duke of Bridgewater, therefore, desired me to draw 
up this account. 

As He enjoyed the advantage, So, let his memory bear the blame 
of this garbled Performance. 

How I have drawn it up, to meet his intentions, may be seen by 
Any One, Who will have recourse to the Work Itself: 



(») 

tendance, which could not be serviceable to the actual carrying 
on of the Works : 

My Fancy, then, was, Not Only, Costly to the late Duke of 
Bridgewater ; 

But, it interrupted, Moreover, the regular working of the 
Mines, for many hours : 

And, All, who are acquainted with Great Works, Must be 
well aware, not, alone, of the Very Important Consideration 
of causing Inconvenience to the Public, but, Loss, in addition, 
to the Proprietor, Which, Necessarily, is occasioned by inter- 
mitting Them, for a Short Period, Only : and, the Inclined 
Plane, though it was an " Ouvrage eventuel, une suite acces- 
iC soire de Travaux qu'onfesait, tous les ans, progressii)ement, 
" au Canal," yet, may be thought, by some, to have been a 
Great Work ; for, it facilitated, from the Upper to the Low- 
er, Level, the passage, and, much avoided the Breakage, of 
Coals, Ten Thousand Tons of Which were "won" every week, 
throughout the Whole Year, for the Supply of Manufactories, 
and, for the Benefit of the Proprietor, and came out of 

the mouth of the Great Tunnel, at Worsley. 

The late Duke of Bridgewater, Then, became a considerable 
Loser, in Profit, as well as, in Regularity. 

A particular order was issued, at that time, forme; and 
for me, Only. 

Apparently, I have given a Full Account, specifying All the 
Duke's Several Acts, their Titles, Dates, and, the Powers given 
by Each ; hut, at the same time, I have told Nothing that was 
Not Before Known, and, which the late Duke Himself wished 
Not to he Known : 

The " Eulogium," however, of the Public Character of His 
Grace, is entirely Mine Own : Just, it is, and, True : 

Nothing is said of the Duke's, Great Birth, and, High Rank : 

They are Common to Many ! 

He is spoken of as One amongst the Few, 

" Inventus qui vitam excoluere per artes" 

<<• Qnicjue sui memores alios fecere Mcrendo. " 



(53 ) 

In general, no Strangers were permitted to go to the 
Inclined Plane, or, up the Tunnel, further than about Three 
Hundred Yards; at which distance, was drawn a curtain of 
Sackcloth : 

Nevertheless, I observe that Some Travellers, whom, I 
know, were Not suffered to go beyond the Curtain, and, of 
course, not permitted to go Up to the Inclined Plane, have 
given an account of It, as if they, Really, had Seen it, and, 
Actually, had *aken Measurements (61). 

I went up, Thrice, Only : 

The First Time, Mr. Tonge, and, I, nearly lost our lives 
There, by 'the breaking loose of the Westward Rope of the 
Main-Shaft : 

I was impatient to go to the Inclined Plane ; 

Waywardly would I go up, though I was forewarned It 
was not ready to receive me ; It was not finished, or, in 
working : 

Ni, les rouleaux, creux en fonte, ne servaient encore a empe- 
cher l'oscillation des Cables : ni, les Rebords qui s'elevent de 
trois pouces, n'etaient, encore, attaches aux extremites du 
Cylindre Horizontal: 

And, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater (however 
it may please Some Writers to represent Him) was, not, of a 
character to put to Risk the life of Mr. Tonge, or, of me, 
for Any Motive Whatever ; 

Much Less, for the Motive of Causing to be Presented to 
Any Society, public, or private, An Account of His 

Inclined Plane. 

I, and, I, Only, drew up the General (62) 

(61) Combien de gens font-ils des re'cits de batailles 

Done Us se sont tmus loin ! 

Sosic y in the Amphitryon de Moliere. 

(62) Working-Plans, of course, there must have been, Several; 
but, They were, in pieces, separate^ partial, and, in detail: 
there was, however, No General account of the Whole, under 
One view. 



(54 ) 
Description of the Inclined Plane : 

My Report, 1 know, is very exact (63). 

Blr. Tonge, the Head Miner, not, Mr. Benjamin 

Sothern, always, accompanied me ; 

And, surely, was sent with me the most Proper person, the 
Chief, and, Principal, Who was husied in the detail of such 
Works, as the late Duke of Bridge water was erecting and 
bringing into use, within His Coal Mines. 

Very Gladly, Mr. Tonge Communicated, very Minutely, 
Curiously, and, Particularly, He Explained, Each, and, Every, 
Circumstance, tome; 

And, Mr. Varey furnished me with the Exact Measurements, 
from the Head Office, at Worsley. 

I drew up the general Account of the Inclined Plane, merely, 
solely, exclusively, for my private amusement^ to gratify an 
individual fancy, to while away awkward intervals of time, 
between un-important avocations, and essential business, to 
add, in short, to my Many Other Occupations, during One of 
the Summers, and Autumns, I passed with the late Duke of 
Bridgewater, at Worsley, at Runcorn, or, upon His Navigable 
Canal : 

No ultimate view had I of presenting my Account to Any 
Society Whatever: nor, could I have been susceptible of 
drawing it up, with Such a project. 

Upon my Return to Bridgewater House, London^ 
Again, Another Fancy occurred to my imagination: 

It was the Fancy of giving my Account of the Inclined 



(63) Such, was it thought to be in my Country : for, The Society 
of Arts, etc., voted, to the late Duke of Bridgewater, its First Prize, 
iheGold Medal; to me, its Thanks; and, It gave directions that 
my Report, should, immediately, be printed, and, so appear, in 
the Eighteenth Volume of its Transactions : 

Such, too, I find it is Generally esteemed to be : for, it has 
been translated into various Languages ; and, circulated, par or« 
dre, f in many different Countries. 



(55) 

Plane, to Some Society, of which I was a Member ; to the 
Royal Institution, the Royal Society, etc. 

In the end, Mr. Taylor prevailed upon me to give it to the 
Society of Arts (6/f), (to Which He was Secretary) : 

But, certainly, He could have made No application to the late 
Duke of Bridgewater, to endeavour to engage me so to do: 

On the contrary, I am very sure That, if I had told the 
late Duke of Bridgewater of my intention, He would Not have 
approved : 

To me, He might not have expressed his disapprobation 
out of civility, kindness, and, personal consideration, which, 
would have prevented Him from thwarting me in a venial 
Fancy I had taken : 

But, undoubtedly, He Never Caused me to present to Any 
Society Whatever, an Account of His Inclined Plane. 

Probably, I might have mentioned my determination to Him 
cursorily, in conversation: 

But, so absolutely unknowing was He of the Time, when 
the Account of the Inclined Plane was to be given to, or read 
before, the Society of Arts; so little participation had He in 
my decision ; so slight interest did He take with regard to it ; 
so entirely did He stand aloof from, All, or, Any, interference 
whatever; so unduly may He be said to have u Caused' 
it to be presented, That I did not transmit it myself: 
which, possibly, I should have done in any of the above 
cases, had I consented to draw it up, or, even, been capable 
of so doing, with that intention. 

The late Duke of Bridgewater had executed Many Other 
Greater, and, more Stupendous, Works : 

Men are prone to estimate what They, Now, do, by some 
measure of proportionate comparison, with what They have, 
Already, done. 

The late Duke, Never, considered His Inclined Plane, as 
paramount, or, superior, to These : 

(64) Adelphi, London. 



(56) 

The Inclined Plane was a Casual Work, winch Happened to 
be occasioned, by the Fortuitous i( inclinaison ctune coucht 
u de roc blanc" that presented itself, in driving, further, and 
further, the Two Levels, from time to time : 

It was " Ajourne, parce quil y avail des Travaux plus 
i( pressans y et plus necessaires, qui devaient en preceder Vexe- 
" cution :" a II se presentait de Lui-meme y et devenait na~ 
6i turellement, Partie Integrante de Vouvrage qui se fesait, 
" chaque annee, pour cette Navigation?' 

Nor, did I consider It in any other view, but the above ; 
and, so little moment did I attach to my Report, That, I did not 
give it in, myself; I, was not, even present at the meeting ; 
And, my absence could be occasioned, Only, by the afore- 
mentioned motives, and by unessential avocations : 

Undoubtedly It was, Not, Caused by any default in Atten- 
tion, or, Respect, to That Useful, and Excellent, Society : 

And, moreover, such an "Obiter" formality, so little cere- 
monious etiquette, did I shew to my Account, That, in order 
to have presented a fair Copy, I employed a public writer to 
transcribe it ; and, I paid One Shilling to Mr. Wilson (65) 
for sewing it up in Covers of Common Paper. 

I have thought it expedient to say the above, as well, in vin- 
dication of the Public Character of the late Duke of Bridge- 
water, with regard to the Facts, Opinions, and, Motives, at- 
tributed to his Grace, as, in animadverting upon the Manner, 
in which I find introduced an Account of his " Inclined Plane." 

(65) Mr. John Wilson, Book-Binder, N° 32, Great Pulteney 
Street, Golden Square, London. 

As I wish to advance Nothing in This Letter to The Parisians, 
and, to The French Nation, Which May Not he proved to be 
true, I have, Purposely, chosen to mention, by Name, Several 
Persons; Many of Whom are still Living; and, to Whom, con- 
sequently, Direct Application may be made : 

In reference to Facts, Many, Still, Exist : the Facts Them- 
selves Must bear Witness, Whether I have Exaggerated, or, 
Whether I have stated, Them, Accurately, and, Precisely. 



(57) 
With regard to the Matter, this Article u Canals" gives not 3 
according to my poor way of thinking, a Notice, merely: 
It goes further, in holding forth some Short account of the 
Inclined Plane, which, in my humble opinion, is Obscure : 
But, as the Reader is referred to the Eighteenth Volume of the 
Transactions of the Society of Arts, etc , He may, There, find 
a detailed, and, precise, explanation. 

My Subject does not lead me to take Notice of Other parts, 
of this Article, " Canals f but, as the Directions, for the 
employment of Engineers laid down, therein, attach, in a 
great degree, upon Inland Navigation, may I be permitted 
to observe, relatively to Them, that, They are Such as I am 
Prone to surmise the late Duke of Bridgewater, would not, 
to say the least, have approved ? 

" Esma, f'aalam, ooa askoot, f'aslam." (66) 
And, concerning the Second Assertion made in the 
above-mentioned Extract, I must beg leave to say that His 
Grace, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, Did Not 
"Erects and Bring into Use, his Inclined Plane, Under the 
" Direction of Mr. Benjamin Sothern." 

" Le Plan Incline, comme la Plupart des Autres Travaux 
" du {feu) Due de Bridgewater, a e'te Imagine, et, Projete 
"par Lui-Meme: 

" Cest la Perfection du Genie, que de Concevoir 

<l Grandement, et, de Bieiv Execvler." 

May it, properly, be said, That the late Duke of Bridgewater 
Erected, and, Brought into Use, His Inclined Plane, under the 
Direction of Mr. Benjamin Sothern, because, that Gentleman, 
at the Time when the Inclined Plane was First worked, had be- 
come chief agent, Under (67) the late Duke of Bridgewater ; 
in Every Instance, Acting by His Orders ? 

(66) Proverb, Common in Yemen ; and, admitted by Two, 
Or, More, Arabic writers. 

(67) In speaking of Mr. Benjamin Sothern, the late Duke of 
Bridgewater, usually, said, "myAide-de-Camp" 



(38) 

The Advancement of Mr. Benjamin Sothern happened, 
shortly, after the death of Mr. John Gilbert: 

But, I Think, that Mr. Benjamin Sothern did Not officiate as 
Head Agent, to the Extent in which did Mr. John Gilbert : 

I am inclined to surmise, That his Agency, consisted, Chiefly, 
in the superintendence of whatever had reference to the Na- 
vigable Canal, in Open Air ; 

Rather, than to the Detail of Works, Which were erecting 
within the Subterraneous Canal; 

Or, to That, Which had particular relation to the Manage- 
ment of Worsley Estates. 

How, would Mr. Benjamin Sothern be astounded to be told 
that, The late Duke of Bridge water had Erected, and, Brought 
into use, His Inclined Plane, Under His (that Gentleman's) 
Direction ? 

Or, to find Himself mentioned, Jointly, with the late Duke 
of Bridgewater, as One, Under Whose Direction, His Grace 
had Erected, and Brought into Use, His Inclined Plane ? 

If, the Duke might not be supposed to stand Alone, and, 
Substantively; , 

If, Adjectively, it should have been thought necessary, to 
annex Another to His Name, in Participation of a Merit 
which belonged to Him, Chiefly, Why are not named Mr. 
Tonge, Mr. Mugge, Messrs. Leadbeater, and, So Many 
Others ? 

Besides, the Project of the Inclined Plane had been in con- 
sideration many years ; Long Before the Time, when Mr. 
Benjamin Sothern was promoted; not, undoubtedly, that 
the late Duke of Bridgewater should become., under the 
Direction of Mr. Benjamin Sothern; but, that this Worthy 
Man should receive, and act Under, the late Duke's 
General Orders ; and, in Detail, Notify, His Grace's 
instructions to Persons, Under, not Above, that Gentleman. 

" Dans le Cours de PLUSIEURS ANNEES, le Premier 
" Prepose des Mines, ainsi que, les Principaux Ouvriers, ou, 
ic les Bateliers qui remontaient le Canal Souterrain, avaient 



(%) 
** eprouve le desavantage du defaut dune communication di- 
ss recte, enire le Bief Superieur, et, le Bief lnferieur : 

" Leurs Travaux eprouvaient de grands retards ; et, 
41 occasionnaient des pertes, et, desfrais considerables : 

" Us savaient bien qu'il existait dans la Montagne, Une 
" Couc/ie de Roche, disposee, non-seulement par la Qualite de 
" la Pierre^ mais aussi, par son Jnclinaison, dune maniere 
" Singulierement Favorable pour f aire une Communication, 
u par le mojen dun Plan Incline, entre le Bief Superieur, et, 
*>' le Bief lnferieur : 

"Plan, qui) une fois execute, leverait tous les obstacles, et, 
" leur procurerait tous les avantages qiCils cherchaient : 

" Us s'entretinrent, pendant Un laps de Temps assez long, 
" de ce Plan Incline, dont Us proposerent, Souveht, au Due, 
" le Projet, qui ne fut qu'Jjourne, parce qu'il y avail des 
" Travaux Plus Pressans, et, Plus Necessaires, qui devaient 
" en Preceder V Execution : 

" Cependant, le Projet du Plan Incline riavait pas ete 
'•' Abandonne ; et, il devait etre Execute, un jour, ou, l autre: 

" Les Preposes avaient Projete leurs Plans : 

" Enfin, le Due resolut den mettre Un a execution : 11 
" Les revit Tous : donna ses ordres ; 

" Et, le Plan Incline fut acheve, sans delai" 

11 II a ete commence en Septembre, 1 79$ ; acheve, et rendu 
" praticable, au mois dOctobre, 1797." 

I do not wish to arrogate to the late Duke of Bridgewater, 
That, which does, Not, appertain to Him: 

Nor, do I think (and I am much inclined to suppose, the 
French Nation will coincide in opinion with me), That, I 
should brook to see Merits, which, Properly, and, Exclusively, 
belonged to, Him, attributed to, Others; "Sic, Vo%; Non 
"Fobisr 

Or, ever-enduringly, suffer Others, to participate Them 
With Him: 

I ought to be able to trace " detur dignion." 

The time might have arrived, perhaps, when the late Duke 

M 



(6o) 
of Fridgewater would have been said, Much to have availed 
Himself of His, View, Survey, and, Passage along, the 

Canal of Vishney-Voloschok ; That, of Kiel; or, That, of 
Arboga ; 

And, to have been greatly served, in building his Locks 
at Runcorn, by observations He had made, and measure- 
ments He had taken, upon the Spot, of the Sluices near 
Trollhatfe Fallen. 

But, He, Never, was in Russia, Denmark, or, Sweden I 

Perad venture, too, Time might have come, Wlien it 
should be asserted, That He formed His Navigable Canal, 
upon the Model of Some Other, in Portugal, Where, also, 
Never, He, went ; and, Where, Inland Navigation, by 

Artificial Water-Ways, does, possibly, not exist : 

Such, and, Similar, assertions might have been made, not 
only in Books; but, also, in Conversation; 

Even, Some u Gobemouches" of '• la Petite Provence" might 
have said, (and, surely, Theirs must be Undeniable 

Authority!), Bah! Soyez-en-Surl Moi; Je le scais 
Positivement ! Je le dens d'un Ministre ! 

W r hat, then, can No Merit be ascribed to the late Duke of 
Bridgewater, Alone, and, Personally? 

Is He, continually, to be represented as a " doigt financier " 
Only? 

Shall I, patiently, forbear, when I see Some One lugged in 
to share with Him his Proper, (68) his Peculiar, Merits? 

Must I, Always, observe, and Passively, too, That, Some 
Other Name is tacked to His? 

At One time, it is the late Duke of Bridgewater, and Mr. 
Benjamin Sothern : 

Why, is it, Never, the Duke of Bridgewater, and Mr. John 
Gilbert? 



(68) Da prix cjuil dcvrait obtenir 
Le merite est exclu sans cesie. 

PlROJf, LE RoiTELEff. 






(6i ) 

Mr. John Gilbert, was in the employment of, and domes- 
ticated with, the late Duke, at the very Commencement of 
making His Navigable Canal: He lived in the House, at 
Worsley : He was, Always, With His Grace, in the Country; 
was privy to All His Plans, Schemes, Projects, and, Conver- 
sation: He died, at an advanced age, in the Duke's Service, 
in which He had remained All his Life: 

Great Loss ! He was a Man of Long Experience, of 
Uncommon Ability, of Rare Talent, of Vast Genius ! 

At another Time, it is the late Duke of Bridgew T ater, and, 
Mr. Brindley : 

I must ever speak, must ever think, of Mr. Brindley with 
respect : 

Many, and, highly Useful, were the facilities his Creative 
Invention, and, Extraordinary Genius, furnished, during the 
execution of the Canal : 

Many, and, Important, were his Mechanical Constructions: 

Great Genius Invented; Great Genius Adopted, Them! 

In Many Great Things, Mr. Brindley " Socium habuit 
€t Neminetn' 1 (69) : 

Solely, were His, The Water-Weights at Rough Close; 
The Riddles to wash Coals for the Forges; The Rising 

Dams; and, So Many Other Fabrications of perfect, 

Well -adapted, mechanism. 

But, I must beg leave to observe, 

That, of Three General Works, in which Mr. James Brind- 
ley was employed by the late Duke of Bridgewater, These 
Three, in the late Duke's opinion, were liable to animad- 
version: 

I desire it may be clearly understood, That, I, of myself, do 
not presume to animadvert upon Them: 

I, Only, Copy What passed in conversation between the 
late Duke, and, me: 



(69) Cicero, Orat : pro Marcello. 



(62 ) 

They, as well as All the following Notices, and, Anecdote^ 
tome from the late Duke's Own Mouth: 

I noted Them, in writing, whilst They were fresh in my me- 
mory, within the Very Same Day, the late Duke told them to 
rae. 

" These Three Undertakings were, 
(i i. Barton Bridge; 
" 2. That Part of the Navigable Canal, Which runs 

" overthe Bollen, and, Mersey Meadows; 
u 3. The Locks at Runcorn. 

" i st. With reference to Barton Bridge-. 

tl When, the late Duke of Bridgewater made Barton Bridge, 
il (over the River IrwelV), Mr. Brindley ran away from It, to 
" Stretford; and He, Never, appeared again, until the Bridge 
" was become secure : 

u Heavy Rains came ; and, Mr. Brindley feared it would 
"Fall: 

" He did very ill ; for, He Weighted the Sides: 

"But, the Bridge was Saved by Mr. John Gilbert, Who 
6< took just the contrary Method : He Weighted the Arch 
"in danger; and, Lightened the Sides: He Removed the 
" Weight from the Sides ; and, Laid it, Regularly, on the 
** Arch: He, then, Put a layer of covering of Straw, on. 
"the Arch: then, He clayed it again: And, afterwards, 
" He let the Whole remain till, late, in the following spring, 
" to " Settle,;" 

" The Arch now stands ; but, it is Not a Regular Arch. 

" adly. With reference to That Part of the Navigable 
<c Canal, which runs over the Bollen, and, Mersey Meadows : 

'* Mr. Brindley was employed, by the late Duke of Bridge- 
" water, not only, in General, upon the Navigable Canal ; but, 
u moreover, also, to execute that Particular Part, which goes 
" over the Bollen, and, Mersey Meadows ; 

" And, in the late Duke's opinion, made that Part much 
" Wider, than was Necessary, at an expence that was 
H Unnecessary : 



(63) 

** " This" used to say the late Duke of Bridgewater, " is 
'« " the Worst Part of the Whole Navigation:' " 

I wish it to be Publickly known, That, there was no point 
upon which, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater, was 
more decided, than in, the advantage of a, "Narrow" over a, 
" Broad" Navigable Canal : 

By a Narrow Navigable Canal, I mean, Such an One as has 
Locks of Fourteen Feet, Only : 

And, I hold the acknowledgment of this Position, and, 
acting upon it as a "datum," in All cases, where such pro- 
cess may be effected, as very expedient, in the Due con- 
ducting of Inland Navigation, by Artificial Water Roads : 

So much so, That, with the fond hope of still rendering 
myself of some Publick Utility, I would lay a Stress upon 

my bodily infirmities, in consequence of which, I have, 
now, for many years, been forced to retire, totally (70), from 



(70) May I be permitted to speak of myself, in hopes of 

administering some consolation to Such of my Fellow-Creatures, 
as, also, are subjected to infirmities of Body ? 

If I may, I am inclined to surmise, it may not be inex- 
pedient to say, That, thinking as I do of Voluntary seclusion 
from the World, and, in the prime of Life too ! Happy, in- 

deed, was the time when I lived, and No One More, in the 
Bustle of " the Great World;" Yet, Happier Times are these, 
when, retreating from the busy Hum of Men, I am more at 
leisure, to feed on my thoughts; to turn Them to my GOD; 
to adore Him, in his Works; and praise Him in his Blessings. 

My growing Infirmities, Now, more than ever, compel me to 
remain at home; Most certainly, I do not complain : Ah, 

No ! On the contrary, They procure me the additional com- 

forts of acquiring super-induced opportunities of Blessing, and, 
Thanking GOD, That He vouchsafes to cause me to suffer no 
bodily Pain; That, still, He Gladdens me with continual gaiety, 

playfulness of fancy, and, a very uncommon memory; That, 

He has Given me so many good things, richly to enjoy! 

How happy has He made me in This World j and, Happy I 



( 64) 
*' the World," One of Which causes me to articulate with 
difficulty; 

And, notwithstanding Them, I would endeavour to dilate 
the Opinion of the late Duke of Bridgewater, upon the 
preference of, a " Narrow over, a Broad" Navigable Canal, 
to such Proper Persons, as may be desirous of procuring an 
interview with me, for That purpose : 

But, it would become too long to state it, Here, in writing : 

Besides, some Objections, perhaps, would be raised to this 
mode of Thinking, to Which it might become expedient to 
bring forth Answers; 

For, I think, That, the Main Object of a Navigable Canal, is, 
to render it Really Useful, and, under Every Consideration, 
Most Fitted for, and, Best Adapted to, All the purposes of 
Inland Navigation : 

Whereas, possibly, I may be inclined to surmise ; That, 
sometimes, 1 have observed, in France, This consideration, 
not indeed, to be overlooked, but, too, much sacrificed, in 
order to render a Navigable Canal u Su.perbe :" 

A Navigable Canal may be considered as a Water-Road, or, 



hope to he in the Next: not, certainly, through my own merits ; 
hut, on account of Those of Our Redeemer. 

Upon the knees of my heart, and, with all that is within me, I 
Bless, and Thank, GOD, That, if He has been pleased to award 
me infirmities of body; so, in his continued long suffering of 
my unworthiness, in his Infinite Goodness, and, Infinite Mercy, 
HE has vouchsafed to continue to me, the powers, and, faculties, 
of my mind ; 

May they, Ever, be employed, in attempting to promote His 
Honour, and, Glory! May They, Ever, be occupied in His 

Praise; and, in Thanksgiving! 

Of the Gift of my GOD it cometh, that, Now, I am enabled to 
fly for refuge to the studies of rny Younger days : " O! vitce, 

" Philosophia, dux.... ad Te co?ifugimus: a Te opem petimusx 

" Tibi nos, ut anlea magna, ex parte, sic, nunc, penitus, totosaue t 
** tradimns." 

Of the Gift of GOD, my GOD, it cometh, that Now, 



(65) 
Way, for the Cheap, and, Easy, Transport, of whatever shall 
be made to pass along its line : 

That Consideration, the First mentioned , is Primary; 

Embellishment, and Ornament, the Last, is, 

Only, Secondary. 

" 3dly. Willi reference to The Lochs at Runcorn: 

" Mr. Brindley was with the late Duke of Bridgewater, at 
" making the Lorks at Runcorn : He recommended a Dry 
" Wall : But, He was Overruled by the Duke Himself, Who 
" made a Wall of Red-Rock, " Pounded," at the Back of the 
« Wall (71): 

" Mr. Brindley used to say of These Locks, 

" " If The ^e Locks stand, They are the Only Locks that 
" " Ever stood without a Dry PPali ;" 

ft They piss (72); but, They are in Perfect Order, and, Re- 
K pair: in continual Use are Thev, for the Immense Traffic, 
* Which, is passing upon the Navigable Canal; 

"And, They have now stood Half a Century. 

"Mr. Brindley was brought up to be a Mill-Wright: 

" He had shewn his merit, in building, and improving, the 
" Silk-Mills, at Congleton. 

{ ' Mr. Brindley was employed, through the instance of Mr. 
" John Gilbert, at the beginning of making the Navigable 
" Canal. 

more than ever, my mind finds comfort, enlargement, and, com- 
placency, in Literary Pursuits: " Hcec 6tudia adoiescentiam 
" alunt, scnectutem oblectnnt, secunclas res o/nant, adversis 
" perfugium, ac solatium, prcebent, delectant domi, non impe- 
*' diunt foris, pcrnoctaiil nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantnr" 

(71) This Wall is of Brick; and, if I rightly remember, 
ribbed, only, in large compartments, with Stone, 

(71) I think it expedient to admit the Very Words, which the 
late Duke colloquially adopted to express his meaning: They are 
Those, and, I think, Those, Only, which are in use upon Navi- 
gable Canals ; and, I am sure That, They will be understood by 
Architects, Canal-Agents, and, Engineers: ie ^« to ?r*v , 

perhaps, They may be ifpnneev (1) Xttlifivrie, ^ 



(66) 

ic When Mr. Brindley came, at First, to Francis Egerton, 
" late Duke of Bridgewater : He required, Only, Two 

ci Shillings, and, Six pence a day: 

** Fie remained about Three Years : 

u He offered to stay, Entirely, with the late Duke of 
€t Bridgewater ; and, to do business for No One Else, if the 
" late Duke would give Him One Guinea per week. 

" At First, He lived in the House at Worsley; 
" and was sober : He used to drink, only, a Bason 

fi of Milk in the morning, before He went out among the 
« Work-Men : 

" He, afterwards, left the House at Worsley, and removed 
" to Stretford, where He became drunken : He carried 

" in his pocket, a little Brandy-Bottle wattled, called a 
" " Pocket-Pistol." 

" He quarrelled with Mr. John Gilbert: 

"And, This was One of the ostensible pretexts: 

" Mr. Brindley had a Mare which He used to ride, when 
" He went to do such business, as He was employed in by 
" the late Duke : 

" He was accustomed to turn the Mare out, at Night, into 
M a Pasture near the House, at Stretford: 

(i Mr. John Gilbert had a Horse, who was a " Rig:" 

" The Horse, One Night, broke into the Pasture, where 
(t was Mr. Brindley's Mare ; and, got her with Foal. 

*.' Mr. Brindley Never would be persuaded, That Mr. John 
" Gilbert did not contrive This, on purpose to prevent his 
" (Mr. Brindley's) using his Mare in going in pursuit of his 
" business. 

te At one time, when Mr. Brindley was called before a Com- 
(< mittee of the House of Lords, Where, some Questions were 
" asked Him, by the Earl of Sandwich, at that time, First 
if Lord of the Admiralty, 

"The word "Ships" was, generally, used by the Earl of 
** Sandwich : 

" Mr. Brindley replied to Him ; 



(6 7 ) 

ti a lf1 ia t do you call ships? (73) 

<6 At another time, (74) when Mr. Brindley was called 
gi hefore a Committee of the House of Commons, was propo- 
¥ sed to Him, This 

"Question: "Pray, Mr. Brindley What, then, do you 
" "think is the use of Navigable Rivers?" 

"He, Instantly, Answered: 

" " To make Navigations to be sure." (y5) 

(?3) The Earl of Sandwich, in his various interrogatories to this 
Evidence, whenever He spoke of bottoms Water-borne, used the 
term " Ships." 

He was accustomed to Such as navigate, the Sea: 

Mr. Brindley, to Such as navigated, Canals: 

With One, the word u Ships" was That most in Use; 

With the Other, " Boa&" 

Mr. Brindley, finding that the Earl of Sandwich adopted the 
word " Ships," when, more properly He thought should be 
employed Those of "Boats, Vessels," etc., made this Reply; 
* c what do you call ships?" with the view of ascertaining, precisely, 
the distinction He ought to make in his Answers to the Questions 
proposed to Him by the Earl of Sandwich: 

But, He did not mean to speak irreverently to Him : He did 
not, even, know His person ; He saw, only, that He was One of 
the Lords upon the Committee : 

The Enemies of the Earl of Sandwich, however, tried to turn 
this reply to advantage, by laying a particular stress upon the 
words, YOU, and, SHIPS, in telling their story. 

(74) This too happened, I think, upon the late Duke of Bridge- 
water's Second Bill, afterwards called his Second Navigation Act; 

Which, by the by, was Longer in the Committee, than was, Ever, 
the Bill of any "Private Act." 

(75) I Must ever Speak, must ever Think, of Mr. Brindley, with 
respect; and, I have a Particular pleasure in Repeating 
that, So, I do. 

In this Letter, Two Anecdotes are related of Mr. Brindley 
Each of Which, in my Opinion, do Him Honour : 

The First, was, often, mentioned to me, in Conversation, by 
the late Duke of Bridgewater : It was, also, told to me by 
the late Earl of Sandwich; and, moreover, It has been related 



(68) 
" When, matters occurred, on which Mr. Brindley 

to me, by divers Lords, Who were, Then, upon the Committee 
of the Second Bill : 

The Second, has been, frequently, repeated tome by several 
Members of the House of Commons, W^ho were upon That Com- 
mittee: and, They All agreed in coincidence, That Mr. Brindley, 
Isiantly, replied, " To make Navigations, to be sure-." 
These were His Very Words : 

Nevertheless, in the Article il Brindley," of " The New 

" Eucj clopaedia^ or, " Cyclopaedia," as it is denominated, an 

appellation, which, peihaps, some may Not approve (2), edited 

liereUciih hy Dr. Rees, may be found the following expressions, in reference 

Bara, cot tQ ^ Second Anecdote : 

only, tins 

Point mlnfi- He (Mr. Brindley) seemed (ifw may credit report) to regard All 
<W Planet; Rivers with contempt, when compared with Canals. 
Hut If £ * aui Jnchned to suspect, That, vtemiay Not credit this report; 
ven;" "He p or Never, was I told, That Mr. Brindlev re&>ehed with Con- 

Kade the " 

Stars, also-" tempt Any Part of that Kosjuoc, which God, "In the Beginning, 
S^lar Sy*- AD * Cheated (3);" and, Saw was very Good: much Less when 

teins ; and, compared with such Petty Works as may be effected, under Toil, 

£0, which r • J 

3Iaj u with- and, Trouble, by GOD's Creature, Man: 

faTbrm. Insure, That, if So He did, Such Regarding, (or, 

Somethrre looking upon,) with Co tempt, is a proof That He Abused 

are, ve ho ! 

Li*' 'In 11k. 

That, the omission of " iv ," occasions the Composite Word, " Cyclopcedia" to be, no longer in 

agieen.ent with tbe jrtade.' of <he Greek Language.- and, who may be inclined to sur- 

toisi, Thai, It would. N« t, ha- e been estimated as correct, t Athens; at least, from 

tbe lia of the Expedition of Xerxes, to, about tbe lind of tbe Reign of Alexander; 

wliub Chif-fh, was tb time wben Graecian Literature arrived at its axjUij' Tben , 

whilst Greece was F. ee : 

"tv XoaTiffl 5ratf«r«/ae is a method of Locution, which, Thtn, would have been 

rep'-ted 1 egilimate: 

Put. would KVXXttlSrtti&idL (" Ci dopadia"), Then, have been recognised, as Such? 

Or, would At h"< been rejected, as heterogeneous to the pract.sed usage, the regular 
fo-ina ion, th uniform < on t uction, of Words, in tbe Greek Language? Is 

it, delormed; curtailed; bit; l;-md; crippled; limping; defec- 

tive; bereft, Poor Thing' of One of its Legs? Is it Lawfully begotten ? - If 

it will lay in a claim to become Legitimate, " ey" Must be prefixed to KUX\(f>\ 
and, Thus, it will hecome, " Encyclopoedia :" 

Again, is iLuiiXw 7fcU &U, (may we say, Cyclopedia?) a* Ambiguous, Term, 
which Might, possibly, as well denote, Doctrine of, Instructions upon, Science 
•f, the Circle, as, Circle of Science? (kuxXoc 7rcL\Slia.c). 



(6 9 ) 
u did not see, clearly, at the instant, How they were 

that Extraordinary Genius, which, the Father of Lights, 
in his Mercy, had vouchsafed to Give Him : 

And, I am very sure, moreover, That, in no point of View, 
under any possible contingency whatever, could, Such Regarding 
(or, looking on) with Contempt, reflect upon Him Honour; 
hut, on the contrary, inflict Discredit upon his Character : 

I am intimately persuaded, moreover still, That, None of my 
Family would have domesticated (See Page 61, Line i.), a 
Man, who could he guilty of Such modes of thinking, so 
irreverent perversity in speaking : 

" Je connais mieux mon sang:"" 

But, I have, always, been told, That, Mr. Brindley considered 
Water Roads, by means of Canals, as Preferable to Water Ways, 
by Fresh-Watpr Navigable Rivers : 

And, That, He thought that Part of such Water, as is furnished 
by Streams, Brooks, Rivulets, or, Rivers, Might, Artificially, 

be turned, with Profit, and, Advantage, to feed Navigable Canals : 

Also, am I assured, That, He Neither regarded, (or, looked 
upon^) Rivers with Contempt, Even, when compared with Canals. 

To this Purpose (continues This Article of the New Encyclo- 
paedia, or, as it is denominated, Cyclopaedia), it is said, That, in 
examination before the House of Commons, when He was ashed by 
a Member, for what Purpose He apprehended Rivers were created ; 
He replied, after some deliberation, « to feed Navigable Canals." 

My very poor opinion, induces me to surmise, That, Whoever 
shall assert Mr. Brindley took time to ponder, before He made this 
Reply, and, gave in this answer, after some deliberation, 

speaks lightly, and ignorantly too, of that Able, and, Solid, 
Engineer; hardily assumes; inaccurately writes his 

Biography; and, without sufficient information, estimates the 
True Character of that Great, and, Extraordinary, Man. 

Instantly, Mr. Brindley replied, " To make Navigations, to 
" be sure :" 

By the word, "make" Mr. Brindley intended to express "feed;" 

By, "Navigations" He meant, "Navigable Canals:" 

He was not Nice in the Choice of his Words: Things-, 

not Words, were his Object: 



(70) 
* to be effected, He was accustomed to retire to 

And, surely, That Super-Eminent Projector of Canals, That 
Perfect, and Ready, Assistant, in executing Them, That Man of 
Thought, of Reason, and, of Experience, had, already, Formed his 
Opinions of '* Things ;" and, did not Wait to frame Them, until 
He was called to be examined before a Committee of the House of 
Commons : There, He was, Only, to Express them: There, He 
was "to tell the Truth, the Whole Truth, and, Nothing but the 
" Truth:" There, He was under the Certainty of finding Many 
Able, Acute, Well-informed, Men, Who were much too "fins" 
to be imposed upon by his answers : Studied, qualified, explored, 
sought out, hesitating, much meditated^ replies, appearing to be 
artificial, too wary, and, given u after some deliberation" 

would have prejudiced, not promoted, the interests of the late 
Duke of Bridgewater : 

Besides, Mr. Brindley had No intentien of giving in Any suck 
replies, Whatever : 

Moreover, it would be expected that his answers, should be 
prompt, and, ready : Much Less Effect would They have had, if 
They appeared to be given with That, which would, Now, become 
an undue circumspection, " after some deliberation." 

And, again, What was the Character of Mr. Brindley Himself? 

Was He Dull, and Plodding? or, Quick was He, and, 

remarkable for the Readiness of mind which enabled Him 
(4) TJiucy- ATT02XEAIAZEIN <r* JW* (4). 

He did Not stand Still, long to deliberate upon, What He 
would say, What He should answer : 

Plain, and, simple, He was too; speaking from the Bottom of 
his Heart; and, according to the best of his Judgment : 

In One Short Phrase, He expressed his Long Experience : 

He meant to speak of Navigable Canals, in Contradistinction to 
Navigable Ri. rs, not yet become Arms of the Sea. 

There was not, perhaps, Any One Question, that could be pro- 
posed to Mr. Brindley, Which This Experienced Engineer so 
maturely has weighed, to which He would more Readily Reply, 
Which He could so Instantly answer: 

Was his Rejoinder prompt ? 



Jt'71 ) 
" Bed ; and, There, He lay, quietly, without interruption, 



Or, was it given, " after some deliberation?"" 

In its very essence does it imply, in its modes may it import, 
That it was made, immediately ? 

Was the Question Insidious ? 

Or, did It result out of the Very Evidence which Mr. Brindley 
had given, with reference to a Water Clause, in the late Duke of 
Bridgewater's Second Bill ? 

By Whom was it made ? 

Neither, He who proposed it, nor, Any one Member of the 
Committee, imagined it to be likely, that This Experienced 
Canal-Engineer, brought up, and, living always, in the 
Country, would lay by to form his Opinions upon Canals, > 
and, Rivers, until He should be made to come to Town, 
find Himself in the Heart of the Capital, cooped up in a Com- 
mittee-room at St. Stephen's, getting askance a side-peep from 
one of the Windows of the River Thames; and, now, called upon 
to be examined, surely not as a tardy, and, long-deliberating, 
witness! 

Would Any Able Engineer, for instance, Mr. Zachary Allnutt, 
Who, undoubtedly, had made Many observations upon the Thames, \ 

and, other Island (5) Rivers, have considered This, as a fit occa- (5) Mau£, 
»ion, to hesitate, to meditate, and, to frame a discourse, at large, to If y? ea, ; m 
and, minutely, upon such General Opinion ? ti^onT 

Were, They, *« Mollia Tempora fandi," for a Witness, in the Continen- 

11 i r /-\ s* • i ta '> Rivers ; 

bustle, and, agitation, of an Open Committee t but, only, t>» 

Had the meeting been composed, merely of a Jury of Engineers accou ^«f 

O r » J j a more preci- 

appointed to try this One question, there might have existed sion: for, t 

/» . t» • i T-» • i am aware, \% 

an opportunity of entering into a Particular Detail : i s we n 

But, the meeting was, That, of a Committee of Members of the known, Tha* 

' & 7 ' ^ the greater 

House of Commons, legally assembled, in order to sift out the Mass of 
" Merits" of a Bill, and to make, thereon, their Report to the Mountain*, 
House, in preparation to That, which, hereafter, was to become * n n ^° nti " 
Law. su pply tk* 

I Repeat, That, in One Short Answer, Mr. Brindley meant te ve a ^J es "* 
express his Long Experience: 

Instantly, and not after some deliberation, could He answer 



(-7*;) 
" aAvake, reflecting upon them, until He had devised 



Such a Question, Generally ; 

But, He could not surmise that, This was a favourable oppor- 
tunity of dilating upon it, Particularly: 

His Mighty Mind, however, His Luminous Capacity, clearly 
Saw the Preference, which may be given to One, 
Over the Other. 

To the Long Experience of that Consummate Engineer, Mr, 
Brindley, verisimilarly, had occurred All the Advantages, and, 
Conveniencies, afforded by Navigable Canals ; 

All the Disadvantages, and, Inconveniencies, which May present 
Navigable Rivers. 

Upon Navigable Canals, Draught is diminished very considerably, 
not only, in point of Expence ; 

But, also, in Towing Force: 

In many instances, it is more expedient even, perhaps, to employ 
Mules, (6) upon a Canal, 
(6> The Than, as are usuallv, Horses, upon a River; 

late Duke of J r 

BricLewater Because, m addition to several Other reasons, Mules do not, 
£« was 5* AIwa Y s > draw straight, One after the Other, as Will Horses ; 
this Opinion; Of course, They do not tread a Towing-Path so much in a Right 

for, bv bis J ° 

orders, was, Line, and, a Gutter, as do Horses ; 

a^WorstT*' Nor > do The Y so much wear Xt » because the Weight of a Mule 

a He-Ass, as is less, than, That, of a Horse ; 

Nor, are, commonly, Mules shod as, heavily, sharply, and, 
carefully, as are Horses : 

Fewer Mules, too, in a Great Numerical proportion, may be 
employed, upon a Canal, than Horses, upon a River ; 

Inasmuch as, to draw a Barge, Up a River, are required more 
than Two Horses ; 

Whereas, Two Mules, Who will eat almost Any Provender, 
Who are not subject to so many diseases, as Horses, Who have 
greater Longevity, and, Who do not require such Good keep, or, 
stabling, or, so much Care, will draw, along a Navigable Canal. 
Up, or, Down, nearly 4° Tons, upon the average, or rather 
at the Certain Rate, of about Three Miles, an Hour. 



( 73) 
" the means, and, the manner, according to wliicb ? 



But, still, in super-addition to these remarkable advantages 
which may be procured, Particularly, by becoming capable of ' 
employing, in many Instances, upon Navigable Canals, (7) Mules, (7) Where. 
rather than, Horses : ver 1J H f, 

7 could, the 

Some may be inclined to think, That, it would not be deemed *»*« Duke of 

1 c 1 • . .. . , Brulgewatir 

irrelevant to the Subject ol Navigation, Generally, to notice the employed, 
considerable, numerical, disproportion, which obtains in the i po '^Vf 
Carriage of Weights, by Water, or, by Land : Canal, Ma- 

For, on Weights Water-borne, the Force of 12, Perhaps, of 10, than Horses: 
Certainly, is reduced, to become Equal to That of 1, on Such fjlv ml* e * 
as are Land-borne : e*«7 y ear » 

rou .d Wors- 

And, Thus, at a much diminished Price, is estimated, even, ley House, 

the Carriage of Persons, in All Passage Boats; value" to ' * 

As well, in Those of England, as Elsewhere: fromL:>,occ, 

r . toLa,4oo, 

To instance more specially, in the Treck-Schuyts throughout Sterliug. 

the Low-Countries, where, in One Case, is required 12 Guilders; 

in the Other, ia Stivers; 

Or, at Venice, where, Two Men, and One Gondola, which, of 
course, are Water-borne, cost Half the Price that, One Man, One 
Carriage, and, Two Horses, which, also, Necessarily Must be 
Land-borne, Would, upon the Terra-Ferma, at Mestre, or, 
at Stra; As They Do, at Padua ; and, in Each, and, Every 
One, of the, Capitals, Cities, or, Principal Towns, Throughout 
All Europe : 

Thus, too, upon a similar Principle of calculation, is estimated 
the Rate to be paid for Post-Horses, Which convey a Traveller, 
Land -borne : 

And, Thus, also, is considered the Carriage of all Transport 
whatever, Water-borne, by Sea : 

And, Thus, again, for instance, in some of the Forests in Ger- 
many, One of the Largest Oaks will not sell, perhaps, for Ten 
Pounds, because no means can be procured of occasioning it to 
become Water-borne : whereas, in England, Such an Oak, 

"Top, Lop, Crop, and, Bark,'' may be sold, for One Hundred, 
and, Thirty Pounds, Sterling: 

And, Thus, further, for instance, in the Forests of Switzerland, 



( 74 ) 
"They Wete to be accomplished; He, Then, rose 



where, Pines, and, Firs, being cut down, are tumbled into the 
Channel of some contiguous Torrent, that, at length, They may 
become Water-borne ; and, so, no longer be fit, Only, for 

Fire-wood : 

And, Thus, still further, for instance, from the Districts above 
Memel, Riga, or, Dantzick, Fir Trees are made to have commu- 
nication with Water, and, being shipped, probably, from One of 
* the above Ports, when sawed into "Balk," sell at a considerable 
Price per Foot : 

And, Thus, moreover, for instance, Many Thousand Trees are 
floated down, every year, to Frederickstadt ; and, being Now, 
Water-borne, furnish Masts, to Divers Nations, not of Europe, 
only ; but, perhaps, to Several Parts of the Marine, and, 

Commercial, Globe. 

But, it may, possibly, be considered as awpocrtfjo'vc/o-ov to "go 
about" to prove That, which is so very obvious : The above 

Instances may be thought more than sufficient; Such as might 
be adduced, are innumerable : 

One more, Only, shall be superadded ; 
would occa- That, Thus, too, for the purpose of letting pass Coals, readily, 
Turnpike from the Pits, in order that They may become Water-borne; (for, 
roads, of tHe Now, They are put into " Keels," Which are previously in waiting, 
which is floating on the River, and, Which carry them to u along-side" aVes- 
Traveller 8 se I? or » "Lighter," laying at some little distance, out at Sea, in the 
Land-bome, Offing, when being, Once, Water-borne, the "Fitters" take 

to he better b ' I • 

than these charge of Them, and, no longer, the Proprietors, or Lessees, of 
roIds^Now tne M i nes Rail-ways, (8) are, not only, Constructed by the 
are, about a pit-owners," or, Others, at Much Expence; 

Kievrain, and * ■ - 

Quaregnon, But, kept in Repair, Afterwards, at no Inconsiderable Cost : 
cf e sou A Great Rent, moreover, They pay, Yearly (in general, by 

Jemmapes. L ease ) for " Way-leaves," That the Produce of the Mines, which 

(9) Per - gurelv must be at Land, mav be made to have communication with 

.haps, may be J 'J 

said, Coals of Water : as, in Each of the preceding instances, on the Tyne, 

the Best Qua- ,■' ,v' r b J 

lity; such as, and, upon the Wear, etc. 

Ra°aton f For > in 0ne Case > a § ood ' Land-Sale (9) Colliery, can be Let 

Beemish, for, Only, a Few Hundred; in the Other, even an inferior, 
«tr* S " en ' Water-Sale, Colliery, for Several Thousand Pounds Sterling : 



i 75 ) 

* c out of Bed, and, came to make his Report. 

Some there are, also, Who may not think it irrelevant to the 
Subject of Navigation, to notice, moreover, the disproportionate 
difference, which exists in reference to the augmented Strength 
of Towing-Force required to bring in Weights, even when 
Water-borne, not upon a River, Only; 

But, also, from Sea : 

For, Such Weights, though They are made, advantageously, to 
enter with a coming-in Tide, now, at, nearly, Three Parts of Rise, 
and, Height : 

Yet, sometimes, The Vessels bearing Them, are impeded by 
Banks ; 

Or, They must go over Bars; 

Or, They are hindered by Side, or, Contrary, Strong-Blowing 
Winds; 

And, Heavier Weights, not Slightly deposited in Flat-Bottoms, 
but, regularly Stowed in Keeled, which surely, draw Deeper 
Water, Must They be, in order to Navigate the Sea, than, a 
Canal, or, a River. 

How many '* Hands,'' Men, Women, and Children, (at How much 
struggle, and, inconvenience, and, at How great an expence of 
Ropes, Capsterns, etc.) are employed to drag in a Vessel, from 
Sea, into an unfavourable Port ? 

To let pass, However, All Such observations as may be made 
upon Dragging, from a certain distance at Sea, into Port, Vessels, 
which do not Sail in, Freely; or, afterwards, up Port; 

It may Not be inexpedient to remark the disparity of Towing- 
force required to draw, Up, the Current of a River; 

And, per contra, Up, or, Down, the Still Water of a Navi- 
gable Canal : 

Thus, In consequence, upon a River, commonly, are used 
Horses ; 

Upon a Navigable Canal, often, Mules. 

Surely, the Price of Mules is much less, than is, That of Horses! 

Moreover, How much more expensive is the Tackle, and, 
"Gear," of Horses, than, That of Mules, in First Making, or, in 
Repairing ? 

Besides, How great is, frequently, the Risk of Horses? 

G 



(7&) 
Si Mr. Erindley had a very remarkable talent $t 

Either, of rendering Them Unlit for Any, more especially, for 
Such, work ; 

Or, of Drowning Them, absolutely? 

Frequently, are They, not Long, and, Much, in the Water? 
Often, are They not more than ''Brisket-deep?" 
Sometimes, are They, not, forced to Swim? as, for instance, 

nearNamur, at the Confluence of the Meuse, and theSambre, upon r 
as I think, the Tedious, and, III Understood, process, at naviga- 
ting the junction of That Last mentioned River, with the Former: 
Again, Where Horses are used, it may be thought expedient to 
employ Men : i Man, perhaps, will be required to tend Two 
Horses ; 2 Men, 6 ; and, still More Men, as there is occasion, 
for yet still More, Horses : 
(i») Gray. Do They Toil, and, Labour, in " Long array (10)," to Tow the 
Heavy-Laden Barge, Up the Current? 

Whereas, upon the Dead Water of a Navigable Canal, Never 
is requisite more than One Horse, or Mule ; or, at most, Two 
Horses, or, Mules : 1, Will Tow about 18 Tons; 2, about 40, 
or, even, nearly 60 ; either, Up, or, Down, with equal readiness, 
and facility. 

It will be found, moreover, That One Boy, who guides, One, or, 
Two, Mules, will be as sufficient to his work, as One Man : and, 

surely, Boys are employed at a Much Reduced price of Keep, and 
Wages, than are, Men. 

Again, Navigable Canals have their accompanying TowiugPath : 
Sometimes, the Towing-Path of a River is at a varied distance 
from the Stream ; and, not at a varied Distance, only; but, 
upon a varied Level ; 

Sometimes, the Horses which drag the Vessel, move in a very 
oblique; Sometimes, in a less oblique, direction : The Angle at 
which the Horses {Not Mules) draw, is momentarily changing, 
successively altering, and differing. 

Sometimes, Horses must retard, Sometimes, accelerate, their 
pace; and, go much "round," in order that They may, again, 

before it ceases to exist, impress their momentum upon the 

ascending Barge: for the Stream, continually, remorselessly, 

presses upon the Vessel; 



( 77 ) 
u guessing Nearly, the Fall of a Brook, or, a River, by 

m 

Labitur, et Labetur, in omne vohdnhs oevum (n): (n)Hot. 

In " going round," Care must be taken of the Rope, that It 
shall not4>e, entangled, broken, or, worn ; 

And, then, It "flings," before It, again, begins to draw: 

Frequently, too, is caused inconvenience, or, detriment, by Its 
"Swagging:" Undoubtedly, a greater length of Rope is required 
to Tow Up, a River, than Up, or, Down, a Navigable Canal: 

In Towing Up a River, Often, happens the Soiling of Ropes* 
when They trail along a High Bank: 

Often, is occasioned Wearing of Ropes ; when, perchance, 
They encounter a Sharp Stone, or, Rock : If, Trees do not prevent 
their Regular Towing, do not, Sometimes, Bushes impede it ? 

Often, of Necessity, is there not an Expence of, Wooden, Cast, 
or, Worked Iron, Bearings, or. Rollers, here, and, there, for 
Ropes, to Slide over, or, Glibly to pass ? 

And, What is the Augmented Diameter of Ropes employed, on 
Rivers; beyond, That, of Such as are in use, upon Navigable Canals? 

What is, too, the difference of expence, between Long Ropes; 
and, Short Cordage ? 

And, How much greater, also, is the Cost of Vessels, when 
constructed to navigate a River, than, an Artificial Canal ? 

How much differs, moreover, That, of Cordage, Riggings 
Masts, and, Sails? 

Upon Navigable Rivers, too, are there not Islets, called by 
Boatmen, Yachts, or, Yeats, which, always, exist in Rivers ? 

Sometimes, They, render the Stream Sluggish; 

Sometimes, Rapid; 

Always, They have an effect upon the Channel, and, Towing- 
Force. 

But, if, Navigable Canals supersede the Necessity of Draught, 
by Land, replacing It by Towing, on Water, Which, on Canals, 
is effected, Either Way (to admit the expression, Up, or, Down), 
easily, readily, conveniently, surely, without delay, in given 
times; and, Which, on Rivers, is performed. Up, less coramo» 
diously, more expensively, and withal!, uncertainly; Or, Down, 
such not being yet in Tide-way, tardily., along circuitous windings : 



( 

" walking along its Banks : 



If, They afford facilities in occasioning to be, Water-borne, such 
Weights, as, Otherwise, Must be Land-borne : 

They, not merely, cause diminished Wearing of Turnpike Roads; 
(How great is the Number of Turnpike Acts ? and, What is the 
expence, and, occasionally, the Delay, of paying Toll at 
Turnpikes?) 

But, Also* in reference to Roads Themselves, They become tfc* 
means that still Fewer are requisite : for, Often, is procured that, 
not only, some Turnpike Roads ; but, also, certain By-Roads are 
rendered, Now, no longer, Necessary; 

Consequently, is avoided the Repair of such Last-mentioned 
Roads : 

For Water-Ways require No Repair ! They Wear Not, 

with Heavy, or, with Lighter, Loads ! 

How burdensome has been the Labour employed upon Roads? 

Sometimes, how Odious has it become ? 

Have the " Corvees," Ever been stated as a Grievance to the 
Subject, in France ? 

Moreover, as Navigable Canals serve to remove Grievances; 

so They conduce to alleviate Taxes : 

For, They come in aid of the Poor Laws, 

Not only, by occasioning and administering, means of subsistence 
to the Honest Industry of the Willing Poor 5 

But, moreover, by diminishing the Quantum of Tax, which, upon 
that " Article" it is Necessary to Levy upon the Richer Subject: 

What Ready Employment is afforded to the Many persons, who^ 
Otherwise, might remain, Either, without Work, or, with tardy, 
insufficient, work, (aye, insufficient to the maintenance of their 
families,) or, who might go to a distance to seek work, or, who 
might lose time in going to it, or, in returning from it, upon the 
New line of a Newly projected Navigable Canal? 

(n) Virgi Qualis apes (12) cestate nova per florea rura 
Exercet labor ; cjuum^ etc. .* 



Fervet Opus 
O Fortunati J 



In executing a Navigable Canal, does it, Ever, happen That 



(79) 
" Some Persons pretend to the same talent; 



" Hands are wanted? 1 ' That, there is Always, even, a sufficient 

number of " Gangs (i3) ?" (i3) Com, 

,.„ , ■»* • -i i *-i ' i • i* Ponies of 

And, After, that a Navigable Canal is consummated, is a bo»t 5o, or, 

practically in use, How Many Persons, Still, are Employed ? idv^tlie 1 ' 

The late Duke of Bridgewater, After, his Canal was finished, Captain, and, 
paid Twelve Hundred Pounds Sterling, every Saturday Morning, ^ or ^. 
to such persons as He occupied in the Three-fold Division of, his 
Collieries, his Navigable Canal, and, his Estates of Cheshire, and 
Lancashire, alone, Exclusive of the Salaries He had awarded to 

Agents, and, various " Preposes." 

On Navigable Canals is, easily, and, readily, procured Employ- 
ment of Fathers of Families, near their Own Home, almost at 
their Own Door? 

To the Canal Agent, it becomes his Interest to give Them work; 

And, to the Workmen, on the other hand, is provided, conve- 
nient, safe, healthy, Labour, without Risk; as, always, there 
must be in their going to Sea ; and, also, More, or, Less, Ab- 
sence from their Wives, and, Children. 

Is not the payment of a Crew, at Sea, Uncertain; at times, 

Delayed ; Often, made by Instalments, only ? 

And, Sometimes, are the pretensions Quite Reasonable of All 
Individuals, after a long Voyage, peradventure, after Shipwreck? 

Upon a Navigable Canal, is the Payment of a Boat's Very Small 
Complement, Certain, Regular, and, Short? 

Is It made Always, Weekly; perhaps, Daily? 

To the Men, is occasioned, avoidance of Going out to Sea; 

To the Vessel, avoidance of Port Duties, Clearances, 
Dockets, Declarations, Certificates, Visits by a King's Ship, 
Producing of Papers, etc. of Tides, too, and, often, of Shipwreck; 

To the Lading, also, avoidance of Risk, from Capture by the 
Enemy, dangers at Sea, from Weather, or, Otherwise; 

To the Proprietor, moreover, avoidance of Delay, avoidance of 
the Expences of, and, the diminution, per contra, consequent 
upon, Insurance. 

But, If, Navigable Canals operate in assistance of the 
Poor-Laws : 



(8o) 
^B?it ? Mr. Brindley, generally, was More Correct 



If, They meliorate, and, enrich, the Country, through 
which They are made to pass ; 

And, That They do, is proved, not only, hy the Thriving state of 
All Parts, along which the Line is carried : 

Insomuch, that, figuratively, may it almost he said of a Navigable 
Canal, That, wherever "invenit ligneum, relinquit marmoreum;'* 

But, also, by the additional Extension, and continual Increase, 
which man finds it to be his Interest to make of Them, in almost 
All the Countries of Europe, and, Civil Policied Societies of the 
Globe : 

If, Navigable Canals convey materials for Building to the Poor, 
Habitations ; 

If, They supply Food, and,, Firing, too; and, moreover, pro- 
cure the means of Purchasing, and of Conveying, commodiously, 
Bedding, Clothing, becoming Furniture, and All expedient 
(14) "Should Utensils, to such as dwell in Them (i4)- 
itrainMUk," jf to their warm, and, comfortable New Cottages They induce 

says a awe- ° J 

dishPi overb, the Poor to make New Gardens; 

have No If» to the Poor they procure medical assistance, perhaps 

^Howmuch wltnout expence, not in Child-Birth, alone, Not only in 

does Exten- promoting Vaccination among Them; but, also, in Every Ail - 

ded Inland . . ° 

Navigation ment of Suffering Humanity ; 

poSbui?y e of If > Thus > The y Add > to the Be a«ty, the Health, the Population, 

ipplying it! f the Poor ; 

If, in All Cases of Illness, They, readily, float in to the Poor 
Medicines ; 

If, ♦ to the Poor that cried, to the Fatherless, to Him that had 

Hone to help Him, to the Widow, to the Sick, and, to the Aged, 

They bring Relief, so that " Avhen the Eye seeth Them, Then, 

05) Tfee it giveth witness to Them (i5) :*' 

ll2^Ved If > to the Res P ec table Industry of the Healthy Willing Poor, 

That of Job. They afford, upon the spot, employment, not only, in various 

trades, and, audicrafts; but, also, in the meliorated culture of 

our Mother arth, in the better cultivation of Land, in assisting 

GOD's Blessings to Spring : 



If, to tiJs purpose, I>y flowing channels, They bring directly, 



(8i) 
€l than, Others. 



Manure, from the Country and, often, even, from Tide-Way ; 
as, for instance "Sea-Slush:" 

If, in Short, Navigable Canals provide All the various, several, 
diversified, numerous, 1 had almost said, endless, not, Comforts 
Only, hut, AH the Real Advantages of Life : 

Still further, They provide means of Suhsitenee to the Aug- 
mented Population They effect; 

For, They, not only cause a Higher Cultivation of Such Lands, 
as, heretofore, were made to serve the purposes of Agriculture ; 

But, They become the occasion that Much Land is Cultivated, 
and Planted, which, previously, was so much shut out from All 
communication with the exterior parts, that, Never, had the Pro- 
prietor the least intention of putting It into Tillage; 

And, They render the Remote Parts, which, of course, must be 
the most extended, upon an equality, (as to their produce, the 
productions, now, becoming Water-borne), with Such as are in 
the Neighbourhood of Towns, and, Cities: 

The Land-owner finds, Certainly, That, So They do ; 

Not only, because He Lets the Land He was accustomed to Let, 
or, Lease, for an Augmented Rent ; 

But, also, He experiences, That is Encreased the Value of his 
Land, because, He is enabled to Let, Lands, which produced 
Him very Little, for Much Encreased, Rent; 

Or, to Sell parts, at an advanced price, not to One person, 
Only, who, Arbitrarily, Will make his own "Market;" for, Now, 
He obtains the choice of Divers Competitors, of Many, Rival, 
Contending, and, " Substantial" Purchasers; 

Or, moreover, to turn to Profit the Mines, He may possess, 
Under such Land: 

The Occupier feels, too, very sensibly, That, So They do: 

Because, are provided to Him, augmented facilities of Occupying 
his Land, in the ready transport, of Live, and Dead, Stock, 
Manure, etc.; 

And, in the eager, and immediate, Sale, of All his Commo- 
dities. 

In Necessary Consequence, therefore, a Navigable Canal, not 
only, opens New, and, Rival; Markets; 



(»» ) 

Mr. Brindley was wont to suffer from the tooth- ach; 



But, It introduces into the Old Maikets, New Commodities. 

How Considerably, too, is diminished the Expence of their 
Carriage? 

As for instance, upon the late Duke of Bridgewater's Navigable 
Canal, on which, only, Three-pence per Ton, once paid, is due 
for the Transport of a Load, even the Whole Length of the 
Canal ? 

Again, How frequently does it happen, That, a Navigable Canal, 
not only, occasions the Expediency, but, moreover, superinduces 
the Necessity, of Draining Lands, which, formerly, were, 
almost, as inapplicable to the Purposes of Agriculture, as Those, 
Now so fit, which lay mid-way between Peterborough, and 
Spalding, in the Neighbourhood of Crowland? 

For, as It Eucreases the Population of the Country, especially 
near to its Line; 

So, likewise, It provides augmented means of Subsistence, to 
the Encreased Population It occasions : 

Consequently, It serves, not only, to raise Crops, where, pre- 
viously, grew none ; but, also, It causes Lands, which are laid 
down in grass, or, Which usually have been cropped, to become 
still more productive; 

And, moreover, It furnishes readier facilities of bearing away 
cops of All Descriptions, to distant parts, in various directions, 
at Small expence ; 

And, of bringing in Manure, and, Live Stock. 

These advantages did not escape the Great Mind of that Able 
Engineer, Mr. Brindley: 

Well, too, He knew, That, Such Agents as are employed to tend 
Navigable Canals, when, now, already, executed, or, even, when 
in making, are, often, Land-Stewards, also; 

These Persons find it easy to Drain Small Plains, or, Flats, not- 
withstanding that They should be upon a dead Level, which Large, 
and, Extensive, Plains, Never, are ; because, They Cut down Be- 
low the Level of the Flat, deep enough to obtain a sufficient 
fail: Nor, do They attempt to make the Drains, at Once ; but, 
in Several Years : at the end of Each Summer, They leave 

Them to Settle: upon every cOiuing-in-Sj ring, in clearing Thenij 



(83 ) 
M and, at such times, He used to say, 

They, Still, drive Them Lower, and, Lower : They know How 
They should " draw" Them Suitably : and, Skilfully too, the 
peculiar shape, in which They should cut Them : 

In the "fixing" of " han ties'* to which so ably contributed 
Mr. Bremontier, as well as in the " Dessechement of Marais" 

these observations will be found good : 

In Those Two Cases, They may become beneficial to France: 

But, in No Countr y, will They be applicable to the sides of Hills, 
or, Land having much declivity: 

For, in That predicament, the Persons above-mentioned have 
to encounter difficulties, and, are embarrassed by, what some have 
called, the Paradox of Draining; 

Because, a Drain, if It does not tap the Spring, will serve to (16) Such 
drain, Only, just so much as is at a right Angle with its Bottom. mastery m*x 

And, still Again, and, Moreover, are There not more opportu- *^? ^? wer ^ f 
nities of Irrigation (16), by means of a Canal, than, by those of a Will, lrriga- 

t,. _ tion, had 

River? the late Duke 

Many, indeed, are the Reasons ; J^J 

How Many does Agriculture enumerate! (see,pagea7, 

To mention One Facility, only: an d, 35),' 

The line of Water-way of a Navigable Canal is, Always, J^berT" 

Above, the Level of the Adjacent Country; It is much more Letter ,which 

_. , was written 

Llevated : to Him, se- 

But, the Beds of Rivers, are, Mostly, Below It. £Sin& 

And, Again, Still Further, are not Watering Places preferable, authority, 

Avhen, They are made to Low-Land Pastures, out of Navigable Him, since 

Canals, Than, when, formed out of the Course of Rivers? ^ sl^llf' 

In One Case, They are, in General, at nearly the Level intended: fectly in Init 

;. gating Land, 

In the Other, the Water They Should contain is, frequently, to try to 
too Low; and, Sometimes, much too High; as, in Floods, when ^(voTchT- 
the River runs out of its Banks, and covers the Pasture. shire .Cheese: 

In Such Times, how great, Often, is the Inconvenience, and, probably ; 
Danger too, of removing Cattle ? "^jjj iQ 

But, are Navigable Canals Subject to Floods? bourhoodof 

In addition, is a Supply of Water Convenient to a Pasture: AUquamlb, 
2l Ready, Constant, supply, that Cattle may Drink, at every f^J^'". 
moment, when they please? rusl 



(84 ) 
" il If it spites me, 1 will spite it;" 

And, does not such expedient convenience, necessarily, contri- 
bute to their Cleanliness, and, Health; and, essentially, occasion 
their "Well- Being,?" 

Are there not Many disadvantages, in Driving Cattle, Seve- 
ral times in 24 hours, to sources, and springs, that They may 
Drink, when They become dry ? 

Can they Bathe, and Lie down, during Great part of the Day. 
the weather being very hot, in such Water? 

Again, has No One, ever, heard of a " Wash-Pool'' for Sheep ? 
Put this Question, to the Grazier, 
And, to the Clothier, 

Not only, in All Countries 5 but, in Min^, Especially! 
For, What is the Staple Commodity of England ? 
And, Why, is the Chancellor made to sit upon the Wool-Sack, 
in the House of Lords; which, (by "Appeal," and, " Writ of 
Error,") is the Last Resort in All causes, the Supreme Court of 
Judicature, In the United Kingdoms? 

Did, then, Mr. Brjndley Not know, That Attention to Cattle, 
(and who could disapprove, should He have added Improvement 
of the fiace of All their several descriptions,) is, and, ever has 
qeen, a Main Object, amongst All People ? 

And, again, too, How often has it been procured, That, a Navi- 
gable Canal has brought a New Supply of Water to Low-Land 
Pastures, lying within the Country, where, ineffectually, at much 
expence. for a long time, has been sought for a Spring? 

May the Circumstances above-mentioned be classed amongst the 
Higher Improvements of Agriculture ? 

And, shall we admit an objection, That, Inland Navigation wastes 
Land ; when, in addition to All These Advantages, one Quarter of 
a Mile of a arrow Navigable Canal, with its accompanying Towing- 
Path, will occupy not much more than One Mile of Land ? 
But, Still further, Enquire of the Manufacturer; 
The Wholesale-Trader ; 
And, the Merchant: 

Eai h, possibly, may reply, That, Inland Navigation, not only, 
affords facilities of Importing commodities from Foreign Nations, 
to be consumed in Brute, or, to be worked up in Manufactures ; 



(85) 
u And, would wash his mouth with very Cold water, 



But, That, it provides Easy, and, Ready occasion, likewise, of 
exporting increased varieties, and, greater quantities, from Places 
Remote from the Sea : 

In short, as the Casing Ocean serves to connect Different 
Countries; So, Casing Inland Navigation connects Different 

Parts of the Same Nation. 

What further need be said ? 

In fine, , Inland Navigation promotes, not only, Foreign Com- 
merce; hut, National Industry, Internal Trade, Intercourse 
of Profit, Mutual Interest, Easily-made Contracts of Sale, or, 

Commutation, Ready Exchange, Reciprocity of 

Compensation, Immediate Purchase of Various Productions, 

as well, of those Above, as, of those Under, Ground ; 

It enables the Creature, Man, to turn to the Best Profit All the 
Advantages, Which, from his Mother Earth, through God's 
Blessings, spring. 

Did then, an Engineer Such as was Mr. Brindley, Not see That, 
by a Navigable Canal are provided, sure, ready, certain, regu- 
lar, advantages, 

To the Agriculturist ; 

To the Land Owner, and, Occupier; 

To the Manufacturer; 

To the Merchant, 

And, Whole-Sale Trader? 

Moreover, did Mr. Brindley Not know that Inland Navigation, 
conduces, too, to break down Monopoly? 

Upon the Other Hand, Was not Mr. Brindley well aware of the 
Disadvantages, and Inconveniencies, which May present Navigable 
Rivers? 

Had He, Never, been employed, at the expence of consi- 
derable sums, to make Side-Cuts, and, to construct Pound-Dams, 
even on the sides of Rivers, in leaving their Serpentine course, 
when, it was found expedient to join, rectilineally, Point to Point, 
by means of a Canal, in order to shorten, and, render more 
Direct, the Navigable Line ? 



( 36) 
" and, then, again, with Very Warm ; 

When Rivers "Breakup" after Frost, do They present facili- 
ties to Navigation, Either, Up, or, Down, their Channel? 

So little do They afford Convenience, That, They, render- 
it Impossible to commit to Them Weights, to be .Water-borne* 
for any purposes whatever, of Trade, and, Commerce: 

Even, Internal Intercourse is stopped, or languishes : as 
Must well know, whoever has been carried, though Land-borne, 
towards the end of Spring, or, commencement of Summer, through 
several Parts of the North of Europe : for, He Must, experi- 

mentally, have proved, how inconvenient, and, dangerous too, it 
is to Travel, When Rivers (and Countries) Break up, after Frost. 

Upon a River, few Artificial means are employed, adventitiously, 
to encrease Population : 

The Line of Water Way, by a River, Remains, Always, where it 
was; unless, when, Sometimes, it is, Violently, Altered by 

Extra-Ordinary Causes, destructive in Their Effects; 

And, the Banks of the River, as, also, their adjoining interior, 
are Peopled much as They have been, for Centuries : 

Witness, the Sullen Majesty of the Rhine, notwithstanding All 
the Negociations had, All the Regulations made, upon It, and, its 
Navigation; 

Witness, the Elbe, Vistula, Don, Wolga, Danube, Po, 
Tagus; 

Witness, in short, Most of the Rivers of Europe. 

Whereas, the introducing through the Interior of a Country, a 
New Line of Water Way, Which, with easy compliance, readiness, 
and, regular certainty, supplies, not Only, All Comforts, but, All 
Conveniencies Too, to Man, Encreases his Population : 

Is Encrease of Population a Light Consideration, in the Strength, 
or, in the Wealth, of Nations ? 

Upon the Line of a New Water-way, are seen to Spring up, 
Youth, Health, Joy, and, Gladness; to Revive Old, to P.uHu- 
late New, Manufactories; to Arise iNew Villages, New Tov.iis; 
Sometimes, New Cities are Given to Grow ; Often, are Beautilied 
Such as have existed heretofore. 

How greatly is the Size, Population, and Embellishment, of Man- 
chester, and, of Liverpool, augmented, since executing the late 



(8 7 ) 
u and, then again, with Gold, 



Duke of Bridgewater's Navigable Canal; and, effecting the 
Various junctions which, Now, are, made, with It; and, which, 
Now, lead to Those Gi\ at, Commercial, Flourishing, Towns? 

Did Mr. Brindley, Not, see, and, very clearly too, the oppor- 
tunities procured by Inland Navigation, in Joining River to River, 
ad Libitum, from Any One, to Any Other, Given Point, by a 
Navigable Canal, passing through the Very Midst of the Coun- 
try, and Carrying with it, Safely, Cheaply, Regularly, All the 
Benefits of Life ? 

Did Mr. Brindley, Not, know, That, of Rivers, Humanly speak- 
ing, can be no Voluntary projection of Line? 

Run They Must, in due obedience to That beneficent Course 
which is traced to Them by the Good Creator, through his servant, 
nature (17), in perpetual windings, continual bendings, with 
various sinuosities, along more than serpentine turns : 



(17) nature? creature of the CREATOR ! servant of GOD ! instrument of HIS 

Will ! unerringly obedient to HIS command ! Un- Written Look of the behests of 

GOD ! System of Laws, which, HE has Made for the Government of HIS Universe ! 

Reflections such as these, Must, by sure consequence, present themselves to 
Every, Reasoning, Creature : 

And, They become still more obvious, when, the dust of the earth, to which 
GOD has given speech, utters, God, and, Nature, rather than, GOD, by 

nature, GOD, through nature .- 

Nothing else is nature, than, GOD, acting HlMSELF, by Certain Laws, which, 
HE has Fixed, for the Order, and, OEconomy, of HIS Infinite Creation ; 

And, yet, sometimes, This animated dust of the earth, speaks of nature, as a 
Substitute of GOD, a Collateral Cause with GOD, a Middle Being, between 

GOD, and, Created Things : 

But, nature is, Not, a Being. 

Such observations Must, essentially, be generated, even in Those, who are aware that 
Man, often, uses the term, "Nature," in a confined, a partial, or, restrictive, sense, 
as a compendious Method of Locution, as a Mode of Expression only, to indicate, That, 
which, GOD, has impressed upon matter, (as, when the creature says, "the nature of 
things;") and likewise, upon Ail qualities, spiritual, also, (as when, it says, " the nature 
oj' the mind :") Both of Which, as well, material, as, spiritual, this Living Dust 

admits, that GOD, and, GOD, Alone, has Created: 

But; nevertheless, These men are prone to surmise, That, the General Term, 
" nature," is ambiguous : That, it is, not only, abused ; but, much too variously 

used ; and, often, without adequate, peculiar, distinctions. 

To me, This General Term " nature" appears, in its very Essence, to be 
aubject to blauiable ambiguity: 



(88) 
" Till He roared with pain. 



Unless, when Man shall Toil, to render a Water-way More Direct, 
by making, with the " Sweat of his Brow," Artificial Cuts, in 
order to facilitate His Commercial Advantages: as, for instance, 
through the Isle of Dogs ; along, the East-India Docks, West-India 



And, if, further, I may presume to speak of myself, and the occasion may, here, 

perhaps, justify my so doing, if, haply ; I may serve as a Warning to Others, I should 

be inclined to cpioth, That, 

During my Youuger Days, but, only, in the course of mv studies, for, I was prompted 

by no other motive, than by, p -.tient, curious, investigation, and, by a thirst after 

omne scientibile, I read Much, in my humble opinion, much more than 

enough, concerning the Ancient, Greek, Atomic, Physiology : 

Much, have I read of the Doctrines of Thalss, Anaxiuiander, and, Ulopathians ; 

Much, of Strato, and, Other of Their Ulozoistic Disciples ; Much, of Leucippus, 

(a) Bv the Democritns, and their Predecessors ; Much, of Mochian, (or, Lencippian,) Atoms; 

Greater Much, of the Monads of Pythagoras; Much, of the Logomachians of the " 2tooC.*" 

eretn; the jyTuch, of Peripatetics; Much, of the Antagonist of Zeno, Epicurus; Much, of/ 

Hagadol. the Chieftains of the Motley Eclectics; Much, of the Herematized (c) Spinoza (d). 

,, Stumbliug, and, floundering, in These "Dreary Wilds," yet, at every turu, flashed 

\b) In One 
sense, may it u P on m y Mind's Eye, a Rule of Light, which, opened to my view, and, irradiated, a 

be said, Path, leading Out of this Joyless Labyrinth, guiding me Without, and directing 

Jk at , me, Ultimately, to GOD, as the First Cause. 

" J odos, * 

son de Una Much, too, have I read of the Doctrine of Ethics, as set forth by man's 

Camada?" Reason, Alone; 

.1 . . 1S ' Much, of the Scholastic distinction of natura naturans, and, natura naturata : 
tnatopinoza, 

(and, are his ^ ut > *ke more I read, the more I became convinced, 
doctrines That, GOD Must be the First Cause; 

Bonmved^r That ' Mora,it y> Can ' 0u,v ' be founded on the Will of GOD ; 

is, Here, pla- And, That, the Light of Reason, Alone, is Insufficient, without, That, Too, 

ced with the of Revelation : 

. • ^»- And, it seemed, also, to me, That, Th°se Positions may well be maintained, not, by 

Persons, man's Reason, Alone; but, That, GOD Himself, has peculiarly confirmed This Last 

Though some to b e True: for, GOD, Who, as the Able Men above-mentioned admit, does 

chose t Nothing Uselessly, in this Ko<r/U.og , has, through compassion to Fallen man, 

Class Him given Him, moreover, and, in superaddition, also, Revelation, 

amongst j require, it may be recognized, categorically, and, absolutely, That, I have not the 

Surelv the l east intention of adverting to Any Account, prior to Graecian History, precedent to the 

Israelites vsho Teachings of the Quaternion of Greek Philosophy : 

„. a ,ze I desire, also, to have it clearly understood, That, I do not allude to Any Doctric* 

nun, were J 

not of opi- of An Universal Matter, Uu-Intelligent, Corporeal, extended in Bulk, and, 

nion that Substance, and, offering an Infinite Variety of Compound Bodies, Created by the 

j-, . ., One, Intelligent, Incorporeal, Spirit; to Primitively Made, Solid, 



(8 9 ) 
" Mi\ Brindley was accustomed to feel one of 

Whereas, the Line of a Navigable Canal, is traced, not indeed, 
" ad Libitum" but, according to the Profile, and, Projection, of 
the Interior Country: 



and, as jet., Permanent, Particles, which GOD, Intelligent, Incorporeal, Spirit, 
his, Freely, Made, and which HE, and HE Alone, has Governed Always, Novc 

does, and, in Future, so long as He Chases to cause That They should exist, Shall, or, 
May, Govern, according to Laws which HE voluntarily has Willed to impress upon 
Them; to their Various Separations; their New Associations ; to V« 

Inertia; ; to Passive Laws of Motion ; to Active Principles, such as, Gravity, 

Fermentation, Cohesion of Body, Attraction, of Aggregation, of Affinity, or, of Com- 
position; etc.: in short, to Any account, in which it is declared iC bereescith ; 
or, to Any System of Physics, Any Sclieme of Philosophy, Whatever, in which, it is 
predicated, in principio, That, the Intelligent, Incorporeal, Spirit, GOD, Created 
matter ; That, GOD gave Motion, Motion, and, Rest, Motion, or, Rest, 
to matter; That, GOD, is the Sole Creator of All Things, Visible, 
and, Invisible. 

I speak, Only, and, Exclusively, of Ancient, Grsecian, Atomic, Physiologists : 

To me, Their Dogmas appear to be, Vain Sopbistry ; to be, Proud Abuses of 

Reason : 

And, I am much inclined to surmise, That, Teachers, able, learned, curious, ob- 
serving, such as were, certainly, the men I have above-mentioned, when opposed, 
by Questions pertinent, sound in Logic, and, Not being permitted to make Evasiv» 
Answers, could have given an Adequate Explication of their hypotheses, without 
recurring to A First Cause, in the linked Chain of Things : 

Which First Cause can Not Exist, otherwise, Than, in a Being; 

Spiritual: Intelligent: Possessing Liberty of Will, and, Power of Choice ; 

Not, subordinate to Fate ; Not, forced of Necessity; Not, determined by Chance; 
Infin ite : Self-Existen t : 

In fine, which, as I think, Must be GOD. 

I can not think, otherwise, than, as GOD, my Creator, has made me to think; and, 
moreover, So, I Will : man can not hinder me : " Je crains Dieu : je n'ai point 

<J,'autre crainte." 

Here, no further, shall I pursue this Investigation ; I have touched, only, upoft 

this Vast subject ; Well aware am I, That, a Letter is Not adapted to enter, more fully, 
into such a Discussion. 

May I venture to hope, that, my poor, and, humble, endeavours, may, in Some Sort, 
be excused, if not pardoned, on account of my motive ? 

Yet, One Word more: 

The prolegomena to a Political Pamphlet, entitled "John Bull;" which Mr. Fox 
twice quoted, in the House of Commons, contain some prefatory observations on this 

Topic, and, upon, the Standing Miracle of this world, the Infinite Variety of 

the Infinite Creation of GOD. 

No man, at Th.it time, knew Who wrote This Pamphlet : I, Then, procured it to 

he printed, Clandestinely, and, Anonymously ; But, Now, I, Publicly, and, Opeelj, 

•vow myself to hav« been ite Author, and, Writer. 



(9°) 
" the Buttons of his Waist-coat, at Dinner*, to 



(i8)Fi»« A Navigable Canal varies Not, in its Level ; It proceeds Upon, 
Lieue: not, One, and, The Same ; Except, when Lock* are constructed for 
•md HH" additional, improved, opportunities of Navigation : 

, \ This ^ proceeds in Right Lines; 
Tunnel is Sedulously ought it to be observed, That, Here, is not said, 

1 55 Metres 

6 Decimetres, " in One Right Line:" for, should a Long Navigable Canal be 
irlbo'utal Extended, in One Right Line, Directly joining the Point of One 
Eighth part extremity, to That of the Other, It would become subject to 

of an English • i i - i t i i i i » T • • 

Mile Long; essential disadvantages : not only, would be the Navigation 

E ™ u§ k *£ e less practicable, by the effect of Winds ; but, moreover, a High 
cJivity of Wind blowing along the Canal, and "sweeping" It, would drive the 
tain Enc ru- Water it contains, in such manner, That, at the extremity, which, 
PoOfef mcT F' rst > hecame subject to the action of the High Wind, the Canal 
Colombiers. would be some Inches Lower than the " Gauges," and u Weirs;" 
deBiquet at the Other, It would run Over Them, and so, go to " Waste :" 
was born at jj ut ^ should the Line be projected, according as Convenience, 
I am much Traffic, and, Tonnage, will require, It, of Course, will make, 

inclined to, ,.. . , . 1 »» • i 

•unnise, here and there, Acute, and tometimes, perhaps, even night, 
that the or t Oblique, Angles. 

most excep- •> ' * 7 ° 

tionable By Right Lines, Then, produced from Point to Point, and, 

Canal du mi- occasioning Water -borne communication of Place, with Place, 
d \' h ' Navigable Canal is carried, still upon One, and, the Same, Level, 
made to run, over Vallies, by aid of Embankments, as, on That of the Boyne, 

through the x , , n . , „ t. • t 

•bove-menti- m Ireland; over Rivers, as, along Barton-Bridge, across 

oned Tunnel, the «i rwe n ; " un der High Ground, as from Ricqueval, to 

tohislNative ' ° 7 ^ ' 

place: Vendhuille, (18), on the Canal of St. Quentin; or, through 

the Line ' Mountains, by means of Tunnelling, as, at Blisworth, 

might, per- Hare-Castle, Voute d« Malpas (id), on the Canal du Midi, etc. 

haps, have » r V ^/7 > 

been, Other- It\joins up to its Little Passive Quay, to its WharPs, to it» 
ted,'to the Warehouses, and, Cranes, at the Very Spot, to Which, for 
Em* Orb, con venience, It is conducted : 

by tracing it ' 

more to the But, to the Line of Water-way of a River, Quays, Wharfs, 
the Country Warehouses, Cranes, Must be accommodated : Mahomet Mu«t 
■bout Nissan, t tn Mountain : for, the Mountain will not come to Mahomet. 

L Espignan, » ' ' 

e'e The Line of Water-way of a Navigable Canal is peaceable, and 

Moreover, 

having beea tranquil : 

^customed That, of a River, Sometimes, is — __ — : 



(9i ) 
" ascertain, whether He he had eat enough: 

But, in Flood, Who can calculate its Ravages? -Me Canal", 

Again, as, Rivers have, often, a deficiency of Water, ceeds, at 

in dry times, when, more particularly, is wanted Water; so, in t ^%i;ie S eveQ " 

wet seasons, when, It is not Serviceable, Rivers Will inflict Always, upon 

i . , , n x^ . , One, and, 

this vague, and, not .to be computed, Destruction! theSame, 

Waywardly, They Will overflow; They Will inundate the adja- [Tis taj?* 
cent Country; Thev Will force upon it a great deal too Two Feet 

J J r D above Low- 

much : They can Not be Stopped : Water mark, 

Whereas, a Navigable Canal, even to Lands situate Out of the LodTfrom 16 
Line of Natural floods, may be induced, bountifully to afford, as ihe L °west 

' J ' J ' of the Grand 

much Water, and, just so much, Only, as is required; Which Trunk, be- 

i j j i tween Mid- 

may be stopped ; or, made to run again, at pleasure: dlewich, and 

For, Inland Navigation, Blessing, and, Blest, dispenses Piston, 

'. & ' S ' ' ' ' •■•■•* where, That 

Irrigation, alone : r»rai Lorks 

She, lets not loose Wild Havock: form its 

When, She, goeth forth, rejoicing to run her course, Glad- Juu ' tion 

' a _ . . . ' with That of 

some, flock around Her, Joy, Fertility, Vegetation: They the late Duke 

turn their back upon Horror, Devastation, and, Calamity. Bridgewater 

How dear to Inland Navigation is Agriculture? l«anuotbut 

D ° remark, 

Did Mr. Brindley, Not know, how much One fosters the Other? Th a <, on the 
Could Such an Able man opine, That, Agricultural Advantages #/,J* 
are a Light Consideration, in the Strength, or, Wealth, of, or of , 

° ' ° ' Languedoc, 

Nations? as, some- 

Was, He, Not aware, That, Convenience to Agriculture is denomina- 
afforded, easily, and, readily, by Occupation-bridges? tax' 1116 

Not only, all Materials for Building Them are, either, u at Hand ;" Length of 
or, come Water Borne; Boats Loaded for the purpose of ^^ $£&. 

constructing Them, lay upon Sti!l Water; Such Boats do not 0ne, ^s u . , ; s > 

° J l or, 2.38b5i 

move, in consequence of the momentum of Current; remain Metres, 

They will, where They were placed, tied, only, by a Slender coid ; J22 447T., 

They are not carried "down" by the Stream : ^'etlT 

But, also, and, moreover, at such places as a Navigable Canal Sixty 
happens to cross a High Road, a Bridge may be " thrown" over it, 
of One Arch Only, whether the Canal should be Narrow, or, Broad, 
at little expence, and, with very short inconvenience to Travellers: 

Still, again, Where an Occupation-Bridge is intended, for 

Agricultural Purposes, alone, and is, Properly, an Occupation* 

D 



ISO 

46 IF, the Button rose to his Stomach, then. 

Bridge, not only, may It be constructed at Any Given Point ; but, 
also, will It require No expensive Road to be made to It, perhaps, 
«ven, No Road, but, merely "heeling:" frequently, It will 
need but a few load of "burnt-stuff," or, of Any Earth, which 
may happen to lay Near, upon either side of It, or, which shall 
he brought to It, Water-borne, Readily, to be laid on it, and on 
its petty abutments. 

And, still further, Occupation-Bridges, which unite, as it 
were, Either side of a Navigable Canal, for the purposes of Agri- 
cultural, and, for All other possible, convenience, whatever, may 
he "put up," at the Small expence of, from Seventy, to, One 
Hundred, Pounds Sterling: 

Whereas, the Construction of a Bridge, over a River, becomes, 
not only, so inconvenient to present passage, along a High 
Boad, That, almost always, a Temporary Bridge Must be erected, 
with some expence, at the side of the place, where It is building ; 

But, moreover, in its very fabrication, it is much more Costly: 

Often, it happens, that a Toll must be levied, on such as pass it : 
Diver* individual*, perhaps, have advanced, in Shares, a Conglo- 
merate Capital, to defray the expences of Building this Bridge, over 
a River: Interest Must be paid, until the Capital is liquidated: 
the Toll Must be, Not Only proportionate to the Interest; but, 
calculated, also, to pay off the Capital, likewise, in a certain 
Number of Years : 

Besides, to a River-bridge, usually, is employed a Regular 
Architect, and, He must be skilled in Hydraulic 

Architecture; is required a New Plan, a New Design : 

Are Bridges over Rivers, Often, constructed upon, One, and, 
the Same, Plan, and, Design? 

The Bridge is Subject to Risk, and "Falling;" if built, with 
Brick, or, with Stone : 

Had Mr. Mylne No Apprehensions with regard to Black-Friar's 
Bridge ? 

Had Mr. Edwards the Certainty that fell Pont y ty Prydd? 

Sometimes, to "Undue Settling;" 

Is the Many Arched bridge of St. Esprit, Straight? or, is it 

Crooked, making Many Unequal Angles f 

Sometimes, if it is made with Iron, to "Casting;" as, for ia« 



*'He would eat no more. 



stance, That, near Wearmouth, called Sunderland Bridge : 

Sometimes, a Bapicl Current, and Breaking up of Frost, will, in 
a great measure, destroy the Bridge ; as, at Avignon, upon the 
Rhone : 

Sometimes, it will be no longer passable ; as, for instance, tha 
u Ponte Rotto," on the Tiber. 

The Bridge, constructed, by order of Caligula, is Not, Her<% 
mentioned ; because, That was carried over the Sea ; and, yet, 
that part of the Sea, Was a Bay Only, Not, a Channel: 

I have always esteemed, That, as one of the most consummate 
examples exhibited in the Art, and, Science, of Bridge-building 5 

But, it must be confessed to have been, a Shallow perfor- 
mance, when compared with the " Route Flottante, et, le 
Canal" into the bargain, across the Irish Channel (20)^ Which ( 7o \ fl^ 
MM. Michaud(2i), Booksellers, at Paris, have acquainted the ° nly » to **** 

v J1 T- County of 

French Nation, was a i( -Projet Favori" of Mr. Brindley, that Able, Lancaster, ia 
Solid, Projactor, employed, so advantageously, by that Experien- particularly/ 
ced, Engineer, Francis Egerton, late Duke of Bridgewater. *° th . e nei s^ 

' ° 7 ° D bourhocd ofc 

Nor, are Wooden Bridges, Here, noticed: because. They are Stretfoid, 
"put together" by Carpenters, and, Joiners ; and, are Not built i ey; ' 

bT Masons. t Not alone, 

J to the 

In Some Parts, where it is thought proper to build a Stone bridge, English, and, 
It must be constructed of One Arch ; as That, over the Allier, tion; ' 
near Brioude; and, There, the One Arch is so far Unequal, That it m *l ut ' toA1 * 

* ' * ' Nations; 

•prings from One Side, Higher, than, from That, which is opposite. What a 

Sometimes, Mid-Current does not run in Mid-Channel, but covery would 
Close up to One Bank : and, in that case, the Largest Arch |f fi ,!»*?, 

Must be on One side, making a Half-Bridge * as, for instance, JV «' of Mr. 

the Roman Bridge, at Verona ; or, That of Berwick. Mare? 

Inmany places, a Stone, or, Brick, Bridge with Several Arches, (21) In 
(let an attempt be made to construct them, in any manner whatever, "Uonnairl 
whether, surhaussees, surbaissees, or, plein-cein trees,) can Not be \\ &> st °n- 
built: And, have we not seen lately such an Instance ? No ap- Article, 

proved foundation can be found for the Piers, in the Bed of tha * * % 
River : 

Sometimes, it will be discovered, upon Trial made, that, tho 
Bridge should be placed Higher Up, the Payer, than was, at 



(94) 
BotJtotw " ^ r * Bindley could neither write, or ; read (76): 

figures is re- - — ...-., . 

served to the 

beginning of first intended ; 
Part If "this Sometimes, Lower: 

Letter. Sometimes, It cannot bestride the channel, Across its open, 

uninterrupted, breadth; but, advantage should be taken of an 
Islet, laying in the bed of the River, which may serve to afford 
foundation for the Piers of the Many-Arched River Bridge : 

At all events, the Situation of the Bridge must be Chosen : 

Often, it, Must depend on Currents, Rock, and, upon Many 
Other considerations: 

Parts, then, there Must be, where It Cannot be made; be- 
cause, No satisfactory, approvable, Base can be established : 

And, Yet, a Foundation Must be obtained, for the Many Piers, 
on Which are to be supported its Many Arches ; 

Or, It Must be Made at Certain, perhaps Uncertain, expence ; 
and, in that Case, Forced it must be; and, Sometimes, laid on 
Piles. 

Sometimes, a Second Bridge, Must be built over a Channel, 
■which serves to give passage to overflowing Water; as, at Com- 

piegne, and, in a Great many Other Places. 

Sometimes, a Long Causeway must be constructed, with, here, 
and, there, an Arch to afford an outlet to Water, in times of 
Flood : Which Has not been done at the New Bridge, near 
Sevres ; and, Which, in my humble opinion, is a material error. 

Sometimes, a Long, Many-Arched, Causeway Must be made to 
traverse Meadows, which are subject to be, frequently, over- 
flowed; as was, Formerly, in setting out from Oxford, on the 
Road to Abingdon. 

It often happens, That a River bridge must be very Long : 

What is The Length of the Bridge, even over the Volkoff, at 
Novogorod ? 

Again, to a River Bridge, there are, often, More Arches, 
than One, Only : 

Roads, and, Sometimes Long Roads, to Distant Towns, and, 
Cities, are, Now, made to lead, Out of the Line of Manufacto- 
ries, Inns, Public Houses, "Stations" of Post Horses, etc; 

These Roads Must be accommodated to the Bridge : 

The Bridge, too, Must have considerable Strength, to bear Any 



(95) 
u He drew with Chalk upon a floor." 

Weight, which may pass along its Highway : It is adapted, 

Often, to some Main Street, or, Square : 

It Ought to contribute to Additional Embellishment : 

Stately, it Should be : 

It is required to possess the Two Grand Difficulties of uniting 
Elegance, and, Strength. 

Absurd, indeed, would it be to surmise, That Any Thing, herein 
contained, is intended to be advanced against Bridge-building : 

Long roads, continued, across the Country, consequently, 

Over Rivers, are of the utmost Necessity (22) : (22) As, 

Amongst All Nations, perhaps, Bridge-making has ever been Land'aiJ 
considered as very Important: Necessary, 

. . - . so, likewise, 

And, in Our Law, It is, Even, One of the objects of "Trina may become 
" Necessiras-" Expedient, 

l>eces..lias. Roads, by 

As absurd would be such observations, as Any, which Frenzy, in Water. 

rii • • Those by 

a Paroxysm, might rave against Churches, for the due mimstra- Rivers, com- 
tion, within which, of the Rites, Ceremonies, and, Offices, of Emetines 
Religion: Residences, for the Sovereign : Edifices, for the in theEng- 

l' s k Law, 

purposes of Government : Covered Markets ; Dearth Maga- are termed 

zines; Hospitals; Public Fountains ; etc., for the Good, and, sfeHaww! 
Common Weal of the People. Are Roads, 

by Water 

The above Remarks can be made with no Other intention, along Canals, 

than to set forth, That, if Land Roads are Necessary ; a priori, ^Into ' 

Water-wavs mav become Expedient. AU > anJ > 

. . P a y n g a» 

But, again, was Mr. Brindley to be taught, That, Rivers, additional 

occasion, frequently, adventitious expence, More than Canals? x£" a c „ e e ! 

How Rarely, do Navigable Canals need Great Repairs ! ™ F . lt f or 

That, Rivers, Sometimes, require, or, Deepening their purposes, 

Channel; or, Straightening, or, Narrowing, their course ; course" 

Constructing Jetties ; Erecting Sluices ; Making of Flashes ; e l ua % ser - 

. vtceable to 

Forming Dams; Building Weirs; the Public, 

Did Mr. Brindley Not know, That, at All Times, Shallows r^T' by 

must be surmounted ; Rapids must be passed; Eddies must 

be counteracted ? 

Often, must be used, Not the Rudder alone, but, Also, 

* Cramps." 
Sometimes, Rivers have a Rapid fall ; 



(96) 
The above Notices, and Anecdotes, referring to Mr. 



Sometimes, the River, as well as its Banks, become sudden, and, 
steep; 

Sometimes, as in a <* Long Reach," the River is not much 
varying in its Level; 

Seldom, It flows in a Straight Line, even, in Any of its parts: 

In general, How much is It Winding, and, Coursing, in 
■various sinuosities, in more than serpentine Turns? 

Rivers, too, have a Constant Tendency to cast up Banks of 
Gravel, Sand, Earth, or, Mud : Inconvenient Riplings, and, 
sometimes, almost waves, from the Action of High-Blowing 
Winds: Incommoded are They, Often, by Stringy, Swimming, 

Weeds : 

In Dry Seasons, They have, often, a deficiency of Water: In 

times of Flood, They have a Superabundancy : 

How great, Sometimes, are the ravaging, and, destructive^ 
effects, of a Superabundancy of Water ? 

Water, Then, becomes a Master ; 

No longer, is it a Servant: 

Ho longer, indeed, 

\%$) Tasso. 4 - Ifou empie UmiU (2V) Vangusta sponda ;" 

|iut. now, 



* 4 Di nuovc forte insuperbito abbonda ; 
*' Sovra i rolti confini aha la fronle t 
«» vincitor d'intomo inonda, 



" Che Guerra porti, e non Tributo 



» 
pare. 



Again, is '* Racking" so opportunely performed, so surely ef- 
fected, on the Banks of a River, as upon, the Sides, and, any 
Dam, of a Canal, or, Reservoir? In One Case, the Water, 

Not Only, varies in its Level; but, Must be indeterminate in its 
Quantum: in the Other, the Water is u Still Water," not 

varying in its Level; definite in its Quantity: and, Moreover, 

as occasion is found to serve, can be stopped entirely; or, may 
he made to run again, at chosen intervals, and, with an en- 
«rea$€dj ox % diminished^ itreaio :• 



(97) 
Brindley, I had from the late Duke of Bridge-water'^ 

Is "Puddling," 

Is "Pounding," more certainly, and, readily, accomplished om 
One, than, the Other ? 

And, are not the operations of "Racking," "Puddling," and, 
** Pounding," Often, requisite upon Water-ways ?' 

Is " Stowing of Goods" in a Warehouse; 

Is, also, " Wharfage," more safely, and, with less trouble, 
and, expence, completed on Navigable Canals, than, upon 

Rivers, especially, when Rivers become in Tideway? 

Do "Cranes" act so conveniently upon a Boat's lading, when the 
Boat is continually varying its Level; sometimes, turns Up r 

sometimes, Down, a current; and, changes, not only, its 

Vertical, but, also, its Longitudinal, position ? 

Was Mr. Brindley Not aware that if "Transhipping," at any- 
time, must be performed on a Navigable Canal; It must', 
at least proportionately, take place upon a Navigable River? 

This is, Only, a Part, for, All the above, and indeed, Much 
More, Detail, Must have presented itself to the Long Expe- 
rience, the Uncommon Capacity, the Extensive View, the 
Luminous Mind, the Mighty Genius, of this favoured Child of 
obedient nature, Mr. Brindley, upon This Question, even 
when under examination, as a witness, before an Open Com- 
mittee, saturated with bustle, ' l limine frequenti, janua. 
tepida(a4): £4)Cah»fc 

And yet, still, additional, observations, which might seem to 
lay beyond the Province of a mere Practical Engineer, may be 
made upon It, Generally: 

For, Some there are, Who may be inclined to think, 

That, Inland Navigation, by means of Navigable Canals, or^ 
Water-Roads, Ought to be considered^ Generally, in a Great,. 
Political, Point of View ; and, surely, It is as Just^ as It i» 

Useful ! 

That, It incorporates, Itself, with the Whole System, and^ 
OEconomy, of the Body Politic : 

That, It has a beneficial Influence upon the Progress of In= 
dustry; upon Agriculture; upon Augmenting the Valiie^. 



(93) 
Own Mouth : I noted them the Same 

Day He tokl Them to me, whilst They were Fresh 
in my Memory; And, as they came in, conversation; 

and, facilitating the Transfer, of Land; upon Revenue; 

upon Imports, and, Exports, and the Duties consequent upon 
Them ; na y» upon Finance ; upon Loans ; upon the 

due employment of Capital, and, the Interest, arising there- 
from; even, upon the Funds; upon Colonization, and, 
the System of Colonies; upon facilities of making Treaties of 
Commerce, or, Commercial Conventions; upon, not only 
Commercial, but, upon Naval, Advantages, likewise; upon 
National Credit, Abroad, and, at Home; upon National 
Strength, and, Wealth ; upon Many National 
Opportunities; upon Very Many National Concerns; 
upon Each, and Every One, of the Natuial, as well as, Com- 
mercial, Interests of Nations ; 

In fine, upon All the appropriate, inherent, Benefits, of 
which, under Divine Providence, Nations may become 

Capable. 

Some, too, there are, perhaps, Who may think, 
That, Inland Navigation Peculiarly accords with the Present 
State of France ; 

But, at present, I shall forego all observations upon this subject; 
and, reserve Them to be pursued in the commencement of the Third 
Part of this Letter. 



(99) 
so, I have written them Colloquially, That I may 
not tend to impair whatever authenticity they may be 
thought to bear. 



X have the honour to be, etc. 



FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON. 



Hotel Egerton, Paris, 
24th March, 1820. 



ERRATA 
IN THE FIRST PART. 







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DE L'IMPRIMERIE DE P. DIDOT L'AINE, 

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